Hrm 352

Question 1 0 out of 1 points Computer-based training and E-learning provide all the following benefits except: Answer Selected Answer: they can be more cost effective Question 2 1 out of 1 points When we learn by watching others perform a task, this is known as: Answer Selected Answer: modeling Question 3 1 out of 1 points _________ refers to the effective application of principles learned to what is required on the job. Answer Selected Answer: transfer of training Question 4 0 out of 1 points The method of providing a variety of work experiences to broaden the knowledge and understanding required to manage more effectively is known as: Answer Selected Answer: individual development. Question 5 1 out of 1 points The most common method used for training non-managerial employees is: Answer Selected Answer: on-the-job training Question 6 1 out of 1 points Which of the following is NOT a benefit of orientation programs? Answer Selected Answer: more comprehensive task analysis Question 7 1 out of 1 points The method of training used to train personnel to operate aircraft, spacecraft, and other highly technical and expensive equipment is the: Answer Selected Answer: simulation method. Question 8 1 out of 1 points A manager who provides a continuing flow of instructions, comments, and suggestions to the subordinate is engaging in what type of on-thejob training? Answer Selected Answer: coaching Question 9 1 out of 1 points The primary reason organizations train new employees is to: Answer Selected Answer: increase their knowledge, skill, and ability level. Question 10 0 out of 1 points Apprenticeship training provides information in both the ________ and ________ aspects of the job. Answer Selected Answer: appraisal and technical Question 1 1 out of 1 points When we learn by watching others perform a task, this is known as: Answer Selected Answer: modeling Question 2 1 out of 1 points _________ refers to the effective application of principles learned to what is required on the job. Answer Selected Answer: transfer of training Question 3 0 out of 1 points Common drawbacks to on-the-job training include all of the following except: Answer Selected Answer: the absence of well-defined job performance criteria. Question 4 1 out of 1 points The method of training used to train personnel to operate aircraft, spacecraft, and other highly technical and expensive equipment is the: Answer Selected Answer: simulation method. Question 5 1 out of 1 points Apprenticeship training provides information in both the ________ and ________ aspects of the job. Answer Selected Answer: practical and theoretical Question 6 1 out of 1 points The primary reason organizations train new employees is to: Answer Selected Answer: increase their knowledge, skill, and ability level. Question 7 1 out of 1 points Learning curves show: Answer Selected Answer: that performance plateaus are natural and are usually followed by spontaneous recovery Question 8 1 out of 1 points To implement a successful diversity training program, managers should do all of the following except: Answer Selected Answer: rely upon existing training programs that have worked for other companies. Question 9 0 out of 1 points A control group: Answer Selected Answer: establish the baseline standard against which training effectiveness can be measured Question 10 1 out of 1 points Computer-based training and E-learning provide all the following benefits except: Answer Selected Answer: hey replace conventional learning experiences Sunday, November 18, 2012 8:37:25 AM CST Question 1 1 out of 1 points Which type of training allows students to get real-world experience in organizations while still receiving college credit? Answer Selected Answer: internships Question 2 1 out of 1 points Which of the following is NOT a benefit of orientation programs? Answer Selected Answer: more comprehensive task analysis Question 3 1 out of 1 points The four phases of a systems approach to training are: Answer Selected Answer: needs assessment, program design, program implementation, and evaluation. Question 4 1 out of 1 points A manager who provides a continuing flow of instructions, comments, and suggestions to the subordinate is engaging in what type of on-thejob training? Answer Selected Answer: coaching Question 5 0 out of 1 points The four step process advocated in benchmarking includes: Answer Selected Answer: plan, train, perform, evaluate Question 6 1 out of 1 points Computer-based training and E-learning provide all the following benefits except: Answer Selected Answer: they replace conventional learning experiences Question 7 1 out of 1 points Goal setting: Answer Selected Answer: sets a road map for the training course, objectives, and learning points Question 8 1 out of 1 points All of the following are characteristics of successful trainers except: Answer Selected Answer: being experimental. Question 9 0 out of 1 points Determining whether or not performance is acceptable and studying the characteristics of individuals and groups that will be placed in the training environment are known as: Answer Selected Answer: group and individual analysis. Question 10 1 out of 1 points The primary reason organizations train new employees is to: Answer Selected Answer: increase their knowledge, skill, and ability level. Question 1 1 out of 1 points The most common method used for training non-managerial employees is: Answer Selected Answer: on-the-job training Question 2 1 out of 1 points The four step process advocated in benchmarking includes: Answer Selected Answer: plan, do, check, act Question 3 0 out of 1 points Common drawbacks to on-the-job training include all of the following except: Answer Selected Answer: poor training skills of supervisors. Question 4 1 out of 1 points A manager who provides a continuing flow of instructions, comments, and suggestions to the subordinate is engaging in what type of on-thejob training? Answer Selected Answer: coaching Question 5 out of 1 points The principle of learning that is being emphasized by performing the same task over and over is: Answer Selected Answer: practice and repetition. Question 6 1 out of 1 points ___________ training allows for the maximum number of employees to by handled by the minimum number of instructors Answer Selected Answer: classroom instruction Question 7 1 out of 1 points A control group: Answer Selected Answer: helps determine whether improvements were made as the result of training or some other factor Question 8 1 out of 1 points This training method consists of having the trainee assume the attitudes and behavior of others. Answer Selected Answer: role playing Question 9 0 out of 1 points The desired outcomes of training programs are formally stated as: Answer Selected Answer: learning objectives. Question 10 1 out of 1 points Periods in learning situations when progress does not occur because of either reduced motivation or ineffective methods of task performance are called: Answer Selected Answer: plateaus. Sunday, November 18, 2012 8:43:30 AM CST Question 1 0 out of 1 points Work-related sources of conflict include all of the following except: Answer Selected Answer: the frequency of overtime. Question 2 0 out of 1 points The placement of an employee in another job for which the duties, responsibilities, status, and remuneration are approximately equal to those of the previous job is known as a: Answer Selected Answer: lateral move. Question 3 0 out of 1 points HR's role in gauging employee potential for career development includes all of the following except: Answer Selected Answer: establish succession plans Question 4 0 out of 1 points An informal network of interpersonal relationships that has traditionally provided a means for senior members of the organization to pass along career tips to junior members is: Answer Selected Answer: the career network. Question 5 0 out of 1 points The usual targets of assessment centers are: Answer Selected Answer: positions in service industries. Question 6 0 out of 1 points A program that provides for a relatively rapid progression through a number of managerial positions is known as a: Answer Selected Answer: management development program. Question 7 0 out of 1 points Career development programs benefit organizations in all of the following ways except: Answer Selected Answer: giving an increased understanding of the organization. Question 8 1 out of 1 points The lines of advancement for an individual within an organization are known as: Answer Selected Answer: career paths. Question 9 1 out of 1 points Services provided to terminated employees to help them find new jobs are referred to as: Answer Selected Answer: outplacement services. Question 10 0 out of 1 points Under a good mentor, learning focuses on all of the following except: Answer Selected Answer: goals. Question 1 0 out of 1 points An informal network of interpersonal relationships that has traditionally provided a means for senior members of the organization to pass along career tips to junior members is: Answer Selected Answer: a mentoring network. Question 2 1 out of 1 points In making a career choice, one should probably: Answer Selected Answer: all of the above Question 3 1 out of 1 points Services that are offered to employees who are being transferred to different locations are known as: Answer Selected Answer: relocation services. Question 4 0 out of 1 points Which of the following is NOT a popular method that managers use to help employees identify their potential and the strength of their interests? Answer Selected Answer: informal counseling Question 5 1 out of 1 points The three principal criteria for determining promotions are: Answer Selected Answer: merit, seniority, and potential. Question 6 0 out of 1 points Work-related sources of conflict include all of the following except: Answer Selected Answer: number of hours worked each week. Question 7 1 out of 1 points HR's role in gauging employee potential for career development includes all of the following except: Answer Selected Answer: create employee's promotion plan Question 8 0 out of 1 points The usual targets of assessment centers are: Answer Selected Answer: nonmanagement positions. Question 9 0 out of 1 points While a career development program requires special processes and techniques, a basic requirement is: Answer Selected Answer: a promotion policy. Question 10 1 out of 1 points For what reason should a person seeking a mentor research the potential mentor's background? Answer Selected Answer: so that it will be easier for both of you to establish a relationship Sunday, November 18, 2012 8:50:37 AM CST Question 1 0 out of 1 points The career stage one would typically be in during his or her early 20s would be: Answer Selected Answer: pre-career. Question 2 1 out of 1 points Employability refers to: Answer Selected Answer: the skills and support needed to find a job Question 3 1 out of 1 points Services provided to terminated employees to help them find new jobs are referred to as: Answer Selected Answer: outplacement services. Question 4 1 out of 1 points The advancement of women in management: Answer Selected Answer: is likely to be helped by the advancement of younger men because of their more progressive attitudes toward women. Question 5 1 out of 1 points While a career development program requires special processes and techniques, a basic requirement is: Answer Selected Answer: management support. Question 6 1 out of 1 points The usual targets of assessment centers are: Answer Selected Answer: management positions. Question 7 1 out of 1 points For what reason should a person seeking a mentor research the potential mentor's background? Answer Selected Answer: so that it will be easier for both of you to establish a relationship Question 8 1 out of 1 points The placement of an employee in another job for which the duties, responsibilities, status, and remuneration are approximately equal to those of the previous job is known as a: Answer Selected Answer: transfer. Question 9 1 out of 1 points Services that are offered to employees who are being transferred to different locations are known as: Answer Selected Answer: relocation services. Question 10 0 out of 1 points Work-related sources of conflict include all of the following except: Answer Selected Answer: irregularity in working hours. Sunday, November 18, 2012 8:53:32 AM CST Question 1 1 out of 1 points Employability refers to: Answer Selected Answer: the skills and support needed to find a job Question 2 0 out of 1 points The career stage one would typically be in during his or her early 20s would be: Answer Selected Answer: early career. Question 3 out of 1 points Over the past decade, the percentage of women in all management positions has increased to slightly over ____________ percent. Answer Selected Answer: 35 Question 4 1 out of 1 points The usual targets of assessment centers are: Answer Selected Answer: management positions. Question 5 0 out of 1 points Career development programs benefit organizations in all of the following ways except: Answer Selected Answer: providing greater retention of valued employees. Question 6 1 out of 1 points Outplacement services are: Answer Selected Answer: designed to help terminated employees find a job elsewhere. Question 7 0 out of 1 points A program that provides for a relatively rapid progression through a number of managerial positions is known as a: Answer Selected Answer: career advancement program. Question 8 1 out of 1 points While a career development program requires special processes and techniques, a basic requirement is: Answer Selected Answer: management support. Question 9 0 out of 1 points Under a good mentor, learning focuses on all of the following except: Answer Selected Answer: opportunities. Question 10 1 out of 1 points In making a career choice, one should probably: Answer Selected Answer: all of the above Question 1 1 out of 1 points The choice of an appraisal method should be largely based on: Answer Selected Answer: the purpose of the appraisal. Question 2 1 out of 1 points Appraisal training for raters should focus on: Answer Selected Answer: eliminating subjective errors Question 3 1 out of 1 points As an appraiser, you should try to do all of the following except: Answer Selected Answer: change the person, not the behavior. Question 4 0 out of 1 points Freedom from criterion deficiency of performance appraisals refers to the extent to which: Answer Selected Answer: ndividuals tend to maintain a certain level of performance over time. Question 5 0 out of 1 points Time consuming to develop and use, but have less subjectivity and more acceptance characterize which type of appraisal method? Answer Selected Answer: behavioral method Question 6 1 out of 1 points The strategic relevance of performance appraisals refers to: Answer Selected Answer: the extent to which standards relate to the overall objectives of the organization. Question 7 0 out of 1 points When the manager and the employee jointly establish future performance goals for each employee, which appraisal source is useful? Answer Selected Answer: team appraisal Question 8 0 out of 1 points Administrative purposes of performance appraisal include all of the following except: Answer Selected Answer: documenting personnel decisions Question 9 0 out of 1 points Which of the following appraisal methods helps guard against recency error? Answer Selected Answer: mixed-standard scale Question 10 1 out of 1 points Self-appraisals are best for: Answer Selected Answer: developmental purposes. Question 1 1 out of 1 points If a performance standard is found to be stable or consistent over time, it is said to be: Answer Selected Answer: reliable. Question 2 0 out of 1 points Time consuming to develop and use, but have less subjectivity and more acceptance characterize which type of appraisal method? Answer Selected Answer: trait method Question 3 1 out of 1 points The choice of an appraisal method should be largely based on: Answer Selected Answer: the purpose of the appraisal. Question 4 1 out of 1 points TQM and team appraisal are complementary because: Answer Selected Answer: both focus on performance as a whole, rather than on the individual Question 5 0 out of 1 points Administrative purposes of performance appraisal include all of the following except: Answer Selected Answer: determining promotion candidates Question 6 0 out of 1 points Freedom from criterion deficiency of performance appraisals refers to the extent to which: Answer Selected Answer: factors outside the employee's control can influence performance. Question 7 0 out of 1 points Total-quality management concerns have led to the increased use of: Answer Selected Answer: team and peer performance appraisals. Question 8 1 out of 1 points If you rate an average employee's performance high because you compared the employee to poor performers, you are committing a: Answer Selected Answer: ontrast error. Question 9 1 out of 1 points Which of the following appraisal methods helps guard against recency error? Answer Selected Answer: critical incident Question 10 0 out of 1 points High potential for rating errors, but inexpensive to develop and use characterize which type of appraisal method? Answer Selected Answer: behavioral method Question 1 0 out of 1 points Which method of performance appraisal requires managers to place a certain percentage of employees into various performance categories? Answer Selected Answer: percent method Question 2 0 out of 1 points The appraisal system based on the concept that learning helps organizations improve their internal processes and allows individuals to see how their performance ties in with the firm is: Answer Selected Answer: management by objectives Question 3 0 out of 1 points Requirements for successful MBO programs include all of the following except: Answer Selected Answer: goal statements must be accompanied by descriptions of how they will be accomplished. Question 4 1 out of 1 points Total-quality management concerns have led to the increased use of: Answer Selected Answer: team and customer performance appraisals. Question 5 out of 1 points If you rate an average employee's performance high because you compared the employee to poor performers, you are committing a: Answer Selected Answer: contrast error. Question 6 1 out of 1 points The choice of an appraisal method should be largely based on: Answer Selected Answer: the purpose of the appraisal. Question 7 1 out of 1 points Self-appraisals are best for: Answer Selected Answer: developmental purposes. Question 8 1 out of 1 points In most instances, who is in the best position to perform the function of appraising an employee's performance? Answer Selected Answer: the employee's supervisor Question 9 1 out of 1 points The strategic relevance of performance appraisals refers to: Answer Selected Answer: the extent to which standards relate to the overall objectives of the organization. Question 10 1 out of 1 points Disadvantages of the essay method include all of the following except: Answer Selected Answer: it must follow a jobspecific format. Sunday, November 18, 2012 9:06:30 AM CST Question 1 1 out of 1 points If the performance evaluations that salespeople receive are based solely on sales revenue to the exclusion of other important factors, the instrument suffers from: Answer Selected Answer: riterion deficiency. Question 2 0 out of 1 points If the performance evaluations that delivery drivers receive are partially influenced by the fact that some drivers operate in areas where there are major traffic problems while others operate in areas with few traffic problems, the instrument suffers from: Answer Selected Answer: rater bias. Question 3 1 out of 1 points Administrative purposes of performance appraisal include all of the following except: Answer Selected Answer: providing performance feedback Question 4 1 out of 1 points Which of the following appraisal methods helps guard against recency error? Answer Selected Answer: critical incident Question 5 1 out of 1 points As an appraiser, you should try to do all of the following except: Answer Selected Answer: change the person, not the behavior. Question 6 0 out of 1 points A performance-rating error in which the appraiser tends to give employees either unusually high or unusually low ratings is referred to as a: Answer Selected Answer: halo error Question 7 1 out of 1 points Disadvantages of the essay method include all of the following except: Answer Selected Answer: it must follow a jobspecific format. Question 8 1 out of 1 points Performance appraisals must meet legal requirements because: Answer Selected Answer: they are used as a basis for HRM actions and decisions Question 9 0 out of 1 points Requirements for successful MBO programs include all of the following except: Answer Selected Answer: a specific time must be set when goals are to be reviewed and evaluated. Question 10 1 out of 1 points Appraisal training for raters should focus on: Answer Selected Answer: eliminating subjective errors Question 1 1 out of 1 points Positive discipline is different from progressive discipline in that it is based on a â€Å"problem-solving† approach to discipline. Answer Selected Answer: True Question 2 0 out of 1 points Decision-making leave is typically paid leave, and eliminates the negative effects of loss of pay. Answer Selected Answer: False Question 3 1 out of 1 points In order to be effective, employee discipline must take place as soon as possible after the problem is verified. Answer Selected Answer: True Question 4 1 out of 1 points One of the goals of discipline is that it should be seen as training that molds and strengthens the desirable conduct – or corrects undesirable conduct – and develops self-control. Answer Selected Answer: True Question 5 1 out of 1 points It is important when applying either progressive or positive discipline, to maintain complete records of each step of the procedure. Answer Selected Answer: True Question 6 1 out of 1 points One of the major reasons for investigative interviews is to establish the facts surrounding an employee's offense. Answer Selected Answer: True Question 7 0 out of 1 points Documentation of employee misconduct includes stating the improvement expected by the employer. Answer Selected Answer: False Question 8 1 out of 1 points Progressive discipline results from using positive reinforcement instead of punishment. Answer Selected Answer: False Question 9 1 out of 1 points A major responsibility of the HR department is to develop, and to have top management approve, its disciplinary policies and procedures. Answer Selected Answer: True Question 10 1 out of 1 points Management's failure to communicate rules to employees is one of the major reasons for reversing disciplinary action. Answer Selected Answer: True

Reed’s Case Analysis

Collins to devise a optimal marketing plan to accomplish that goal. Reed Supermarket's CEO has set their market share goal to 16%, 2 points up from last year. Reed doesn't plan to add any additional stores in Columbus, so Collins must find an alternative method to reach this market share in a price sensitive community. I completely agree with this goal because it one of the major methods to increase revenue growth for the company.Reed needs to continue its dominance in the Columbus market and fight against dollar stores and super centers and will be able to do so by Increasing their market share over time. The estimated market share for Reed in Columbus in 2010 was 14%. Reed had held a 15% market share five years earlier. The reason for this decrease in market share â€Å"attributed to the peak in encroachments by superstores and warehouse stores. Along with the economy and the increase in variety in options for consumers to choose from when shopping, Reed saw a slight hit In their market share. Reed supermarket Is slowly earning back their market and Is aiming to hit 16% by 2011. I recommend that Reed should differentiate their offerings in the Columbus market. Reed has always prided themselves on their large variety of products they can offer their customers. It is pertinent for Reed to follow their core business model and mission to retain their current core customer market.Reed's goal is to increase market share by 2% by 2011 and will be able to achieve this by Increasing their differentiation of offerings. This will in turn keep bringing their customers that make up the 14% market share they currently own and eventually bring in a new way of customers to achieve that extra 2% market share. An increase in market share will increase profitability for the company assuming all else remains the same and fixed costs don't increase. $5. 99 and 22. 7% $5. 34 and 20. 23% $0. 65 and 2. 7% On a financial standpoint, Collins should not continue the dollar specials ca mpaign because It Is lowering Reed's contribution margins. In the long run this will lower the company's profits and will reduce Reed's overall growth. On a marketing standpoint, the contribution margin loss is low enough that it can be recovered by increase sales or Justified as a marketing expense. Overall I believe that its more beneficial for Collins to continue the dollar specials campaign because of the marketing benefits and the minimal financial losses.Reed's Case Analysis By stingrays against dollar stores and super centers and will be able to do so by increasing their choose from when shopping, Reed saw a slight hit in their market share. Reed supermarket is slowly earning back their market and is aiming to hit 16% by 2011. Market share by 2% by 2011 and will be able to achieve this by increasing their costs don't increase. Because it is lowering Reed's contribution margins. In the long run this will lower the

Causes and Effects of the Holocaust Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Causes and Effects of the Holocaust - Essay Example Nazi policies concerning the origin of Germans from Aryans contributed profoundly to the massacre during the Holocaust. However, this was considered a misguided notion although Germans continued to insist on its significance leading to killings, not just for the Jews, but also for other minority communities within the region.The augment in popularity for Zionism in the 19th century led to the demonstration of fundamentalism and selectiveness for the Jewish community triggering hatred and prejudices against the Jews. Therefore, Hitler and his associates deliberated on terminating the community’s prosperity in all fields through the Holocaust.Many Jews remained homeless since the Nazis had brought their homes down leading to the creation of camps that held them until they immigrated to Israel. Therefore, the suffering that the Jews endured had not ended due to the effects the events that transpired held for the community. The Holocaust brought psychological traumas to the remnan ts since they observed their relatives’ suffering and even death in the wake of the Holocaust. In addition, many remnants experienced physical harms ascribed to constant harassment and beating by the Nazis who considered them inferior. The occurrence of the Holocaust made the superpowers take measures concerning the prevention of a similar occurrence in the prospect through control and supervision. The Holocaust made other nations around the globe to allow Jews to return to Israel in order to keep them safe from similar occurrences.

Death of a Salesman Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Death of a Salesman - Essay Example Relatively associated to the life and dream of every American family, Death of a Salesman tells about the anxiety and insecurity of the Lomans–with Willy as the father, Linda as the wife and the mother to two sons: Biff and Happy. Already suffering from senility, Willy is still made to suffer more from his unappreciative boss, Howard Wagner. Willy has managed to survive, eventhough he erred at times while driving or even doing simple tasks. This is due to his concern for his financial security that remained him a salesman travelling long distances just to make a sale, and earn only a commission from it. Lomans are not mired in abject poverty–they were able to mortgage the house in a decent and highly densed neighborhood and were able to drive their own car–Willy Loman found it difficult to meet both ends. Linda is a plain housewife; Happy is living his own life; and Biff was not able to finish high school on reasons Willy has to be partly blamed. The struggle is nerve-racking to the extent that he is often disgusted and complaining at his own self and the people around him. Slowly, the plot brings us to reality, and it reveals the more elaborate struggle Willy has stepped onto. First, Willy’s late brother Ben has intevened exclusively only to Willy’s mind. This is either a flashback or some literary device which Miller had utilized to induce an intrinsic conflict in the main character. In the initial dialogue between Willy and Ben, they exchanged pleasantries and they shared memories about their parents and even their whereabouts. Willy is interested to the latter’s prevarications, â€Å"to walk into the jungle† (Miller 36). To Willy, the philosophy–apparently the same philosophy of the Loman’s stock–should be imbued to his two young sons. Further in the play, one notices the intricacies in the past. Ben, in the past, has

Balancing Identity and Privacy - Growing risks and concerns about Essay

Balancing Identity and Privacy - Growing risks and concerns about social networks. Report - Essay Example But inherent in such transformation is the critical need to pay attention for security of the identity. The era of faceless business transactions has accompanied with itself the need to take serious look at the identity of a person. Identity has become a database entry which can now be disconnected from any physical recognition. It can be bought and sold like a commodity and is subject to theft and widespread misuse. This report will take a look at the repercussions of widespread social media on business and society as a whole. Blogging and Tweeting are terms used in the world of social media and they also becoming par to business vocabulary. But such terms are tip of the social media iceberg. Companies like Twitter, Facebook, YouTube and LinkedIn are now changing the rules of how companies are doing business. In 21st century social media is changing the working environment of the company. The employees and employers are now practicing more flexibility along with the ability to respond to such conditions quickly. For many businesses social media is a boon which can be used to reach out to large target customers in a cost effective way. But they are also taking a close look the risk involved like theft, cyber bullying, fraud, defamation and invasion of privacy. Many believe that social media has a corporate value and is critical to the success of marketing efforts. Many senior executives believe that there are many potential risks which are involved while using social media. According to them the primary ri sks include disclosure of proprietary information, out-of date information, identifiable information and fraud (Jagatic, Johnson, Jakobsson and Menczer, 2007, pp. 94-100). The presence of Social Media has changed the way people communicate and interact with each other. But the world of social media has created a whole new world of security, privacy, intellectual property, employment practices and legal risks. Privacy risk refers to the process

Corporate Social Responsibility Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 2

Corporate Social Responsibility - Essay Example As revealed, Bill Gates’ philanthropic thrusts extends to his applying concepts of CSR in his organizations; including the establishment of Bill & Melinda Gates’ Foundation. On the contrary, Steve Jobs’ main thrust was focused on coming up with innovative ideas on Apple’s products and little emphasis in applying CSR was exemplified. The differences in ideals and philosophies on CSR as exhibited by Apple and Microsoft actually revealed inconsistent conclusions with that advocated by the concept. It was revealed from the concepts presented in class about CSR that the benefits of organizations for investing in CSR include: customer loyalty, workforce satisfaction, community support, and exhibiting a better corporate image. From the experiences of both Apple and Microsoft, it was confusing to realize that despite Microsoft’s application of CSR, the organization was surpassed by Apple (the organization that has not invested in CSR) in term of leadership, popularity, and financial returns. In analyzing the comparative thrusts of each organization regarding investing in CSR, one actually expected that the organization that aptly invested in CSR should exhibit greater popularity and financial returns. However, from the experience and from the information revealed in the video, the opposite effect was noted. It was therefore concluded that comparing one to the other in terms of their investment in CSR could be insufficient to validate that this factor alone was contributory to the financial success of Apple. From the perspectives of the owners, it determining factor was that the investment and application of CSR had been instrumental to the feeling of fulfillment that Bill and Melinda Gates have experienced. Their main thrust for Microsoft was not merely to generate financial returns, nor to project a positive corporate image. For Bill and Melinda Gates, the self-actualization

Expressing your Opinion through Investigation Essay

Expressing your Opinion through Investigation - Essay Example I can personally attest, as many of my other fellow students at the University of Akron, that being in an undergraduate program is difficult financially. If parents are not helping and a student does not have scholarships, tuition, books and money for boarding near campus makes it a financial struggle for many students. This means that many students have to work their way through college on their own while being a student or having to deal with the detrimental finances that student loans can put on an individual after earning a degree. According to a recent update about the College Credit Plus program, the University of Akron is partnering up with at least 50 school districts in the area so that students can earn college credits while enrolled in grades 7 through 12 (2015). That is six years of opportunity that many students have not had before and is a great way to accelerate obtaining an undergraduate degree. While working with teachers at the various school districts, it might give some students more one on one experience with courses which they might otherwise struggle with. Some college courses have often been offered occasionally as a form of dual enrollment in the past but typically it is just open to high school students who are in their junior or senior year and this helps to get them started. According to information from the University of Akron website, the state will provide funding to the university so the students can take these college credit courses. This is a win-win situation because not only are the students getting a jump start on their college courses and getting some of their basic general education classes out of the way so they can focus more on their major when they actually attend college, but the university also receives money from the state just for offering the program. Students who qualify for the program will have access to college courses at a much lower cost per credit hour than a traditional undergraduate

Documentary Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Documentary Review - Essay Example As expounded in the documentary, it is evident that the overdependence on one person as the overseer of all processes in the production of bottled water paves way for the occurrence of errors in the bottled water industry. In connection with this, it is evident that the plastic used in bottling water is made out of materials that leak chemicals into the water. Thus, with such leakage of chemicals as well as errors achieved in the process of manufacturing water affect the health of human beings. Disposition of the used bottles is also one of the contributing factors for pollution in the world. Lots of bottles are everywhere; that is, on land and in water bodies. Such bottles hamper with the ecological system, as a result, lead to the death of other living organisms such as marine fishes. Additionally, it is evident that a lot of resources have been wasted in the name of bottling water. The money used in purchasing the materials for the bottles, the manufacturing process of the plastic bottles, transportation of water from one region to another, and the chemicals included in the water cost the production industry a lot of money. A significant amount of money is also used in managing the mess created by the end use of the bottles. Thus, it is advisable for the industries associated with the production of bottled water to stop wasting resources and advocate consumption of natural

The Debate Concerning The Age Of Sexual Consent Essay Example for Free

The Debate Concerning The Age Of Sexual Consent Essay This essay will illustrate the current laws regarding the age of sexual consent and will highlight the future plans, which the government are hoping to enforce and argument for and against these suggested laws. The current laws, which are enforced regarding the age of consent, are that boys have no age of consent and can therefore have sex at any age when they feel ready. But only if the girl is over 16 or else they will be breaking the law as girls and gay couples cannot have sex until they are 16 years old. Although many people feel that these laws are fine as they are and there is no need for change, the government believe that there are far to many people breaking these laws and that there is to many men/boys having sex with under 16 girls. The hopes to change this by tightening the current laws and introducing a male sexual age of consent of 16 and to include an extension of the laws to include more sex acts in public which is most likely to include including kissing. If these laws were to be broken the government are planning to put the offender on to the sex offenders list, which include rapists and pedos. The offender could also face which I think is a very harsh five-year prison sentence and all for what could have been an innocent kiss with your partner. A recent national survey Shows the while the current laws arent perfect they arent doing a bad job as it showed us that 33% of boys have had sex under the age of 16 and that only 25% of girl have, and this shows that the current laws are keeping at least two-thirds of boys from having illegal sex and three-quarters of girls and means that a larger percentage of teenagers are obeying the current laws and waiting until they have sex. Another survey was carried out by Bliss Magazine on its readers and showed that 32% of 12 to 17 year olds have had sex and that 83% of those reader were under 16 years old when they had sex, and that a what I though was an astonishing 12% of those readers were under 12 years old when the had sex. This survey completed by Bliss Magazine also tell us that 50% of it readers think that the current sexual consent laws are correct, but this is most properly sex mad teenagers who want the consent aged to be lowered not for the laws to be tightened. Although these figures do shows a slightly worrying percentage of under 16s having sex, and of course we would all like this figure to be lower; this amount of under 16s having sex isnt wholly due to kids and their choice to have sex as it is also undoubtedly fuelled by television and magazines. It has become more and more obvious that teenagers and now even younger kids are becoming sexualised and introduced to sexual idea a lot younger these days. This is best shown when we look in magazines, watch television and new fashions and we see idols such as Britney Spears and Christina Aguilera half naked or often dressed in way which gives their teenage fans the wrong impression of dress and act. A current argument which is a main point of the governments reasons for wanting to tighten the sexual consent laws is that they believe children need more protect than they are presently getting. This sudden desire to increase the protection of children is partly due to the increasing amount of pedos and rapist around but I think mainly because of the increase in popularity of the Internet and especially due to the increase in the amount of people using chat rooms. These concerns about using chat rooms is because of what some people call grooming often pedos pretend they are kids and gain trust of children and often arrange to meet up with them. Another argument is the amount of people who are having sex before they are 16, and also because a survey reveal that over 50% of girl regret having sex before they were legally allowed. The UKs current laws sit some roughly in the middle compared to other places, such as places like LA where the consent age is higher and places like Spain where the age is lower. At the moment LAs sexual consent age is 18 but people are still having sex a 17, and in Mali the sexual consent age is 16 and as in LA people are having sex when they are 17, Spains laws states that you have to be 13 to have sex and the average age for a person in Spain to have sex is strangely 19 years old for girls and 18 for boys. And finally in Chile the sexual consent age is 12 and the average person is having sex at around 14 or 15years old. The figures show that countries with a lower sexual consent age actually have a higher difference in the age you can have sex legally and the age people actually do. Arguments against the tightening of the sexual consent laws include the argument that the current laws doesnt stop people from having sex under the age of 16 so tightening the laws will most likely force little or no change and people will still break the law. As well as this point there is an argument that the current laws are thought to be fine as they stand, and that current laws offer a suffiencent amount of protection to children. Even now family planning centres, sex education teacher (school nurses) and any other authorities to do with sexual aspects in life tell us that alt of kids already find it hard to speak to parents or anyone about sex, and we are constantly hearing about pregnant teenagers leaving it to late before they told someone and ending up with no choice but to have a baby. This point, which is already at a bad enough state, is thought to become worse if the suggested laws pass and many fear that kids will become more detached and feel even less able to seek help of advise. This final point against the change is that the suggested laws are a muddle and all the law will do is criminalize younger people for doing something as unsubstantial as kissing. My view on this argument is that although teenagers I thin do need more protection from people like rapists and pedos the suggested rules are not the answer and are just punishing kids for what adults do. I believe the current laws provide a good template of which to follow by and the sexual consent age of 16 is accurate, as at this age the decision to have sex or not is up to you and you have reached an age and maturity where you can make the choice. I think that the suggested laws obviously have higher risks is broken and may have a little impact but there will still be teenagers who want to have sex and kiss etc and will, and all introducing these laws will do is criminalize young peoples for something a sinister as kissing. Away in which I think the current situation could be improved with out changing the laws is to improve sex education; by educating children at an earlier age, and making sex education lessons more frequent and more relevant to the students.

Pet Ownership Essay Example for Free

Pet Ownership Essay Many people now keep dogs and cats as companions. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of pet ownership for the animals involved and for the community as a whole. Dogs and cats can be delightful buddies but there are also a number of complications linked with possession of pets, both for the community and the animal. In great conditions, pets are fed, cherished and loved, like a family member. It’s easy to see how much care is given to pets. Cats and dogs contribute to the public in numerous ways. Dogs are beneficial in guarding a house and assist directions for blind people. Owning pets not only makes you more cheerful and healthier but also maybe even extend your life. Therefore, owning pets not only benefits the owner but also the community. Likewise, youngsters can to develop responsibility at an early age through helping in the care of their familys pet, elderly folks have company and something to do when their children have all moved out and made their own families. Conversely, there are negatives for the pets and community. Dogs and cats have limited freedom. Pet owners are needed to clean up after their pets. Parks and beaches often provide lavatories for this purpose. The community also has to take in dogs and cats that have been abandoned by irresponsible owners. Some irresponsible or selfish pet owners allow too much freedom for their animals which can upset neighbors if their garden is disrupted, some pet owners never correctly train their animals so certain behavioral issues such as extreme barking or aggression can be an issue between neighbors as well. To conclude, depending on how people treat and look after their pet, most of the time the benefits outweigh the drawback.

Data storage in Big Data Context: A Survey

Data storage in Big Data Context: A Survey Data storage in Big Data Context: A Survey A.ELomari, A.MAIZATE*, L.Hassouni# RITM-ESTC / CED-ENSEM, University Hassan II Abstract- As data volumes to be processed in all domains; scientific, professional, social à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦etc., are increasing at a high speed, their management and storage raises more and more challenges. The emergence of highly scalable infrastructures has contributed to the evolution of storage management technologies. However, numerous problems have emerged such as consistency and availability of data, scalability of environments or yet the competitive access to data. The objective of this paper is to review, discuss and compare the main characteristics of some major technological orientations existing on the market, such as Google File System (GFS) and IBM General Parallel File System (GPFS) or yet on the open source systems such as Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS), Blobseer and Andrew File System (AFS), in order to understand the needs and constraints that led to these orientations. For each case, we will discuss a set of major problems of big data storage management, and how they were addressed in order to provide the best storage services. Introduction Todays, the amount of data generated during a single day may exceed the amount of information contained in all printed materials all over the world. This quantity far exceeds what scientists have imagined there are just a few decades. Internet Data Center (IDC) estimated that between 2005 and 2020, the digital universe will be multiplied by a factor of 300, so it will pass from 130 Exabyte to 40,000 Exabyte, the equivalent of   more than 5,200 gigabytes for each person in 2020   [[i]]. The traditional systems such as centralized network-based storage systems (client-server) or the traditional distributed systems such as NFS, are no longer able to respond to new requirements in terms of volume of data, high performance, and evolution capacities. And besides their cost, a variety of technical constraints are raised, such as data replication, continuity of services etc.  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   In this paper, we try to discuss a set of technologies used in the market and that we think the most relevant and representative of the state of the art in the field of distributed storage systems. What is Distributed File systems (DFS) A distributed file system (DFS) is a system that allows multiple users to access, through the network, a file structure residing on one or more remote machines (File Servers) using a similar semantics to that used to access the local file system. This is a client / server architecture where data is distributed across multiple storage spaces usually called nodes. These nodes consist of a single or a small number of physical storage disks residing usually in basic equipment, configured to only provide storage services. As such, the material can be relatively low cost. As the material used is generally inexpensive and by large quantities, failures become unavoidable. Nevertheless, these systems are designed to be tolerant to failure by having recourse to data replication which makes the loss of one node an event of minimal emergency because data is always recoverable, often automatically, without any performance degradation. A. Andrew File System(AFS) architecture AFS (or OpenAFS currently) is a standard distributed file system originally developed by Carnegie Mellon University. It is supported and developed as a product by Transarc Corporation (now IBM Pittsburgh Labs). It offers a client-server architecture for federated file sharing and distribution of replicated read-only content [[ii]]. AFS offers many improvements over traditional systems. In particular, it provides the independence of the storage from location, guarantees system scalability and transparent migration capabilities.As shown in Figure 1, the distribution of processes in AFS can be summarized as follows: A process called Vice is the backbone of information sharing in the system; it consists of a set of dedicated file servers and a complex LAN. A process called Venus runs on each client workstation; it mediates access to shared files [[iii]]. Figure 1 : AFS Design . AFS logic assumes the following hypothesis [[iv]]: Shared files are rarely updated and local user files will remain valid for long periods. An allocation of a large enough local disk cache, for example 100 MB, can keep all users files. Using the client cache may actually be a good compromise to system performance, but it will only be effective if the assumptions adopted by AFS designers are respected, otherwise this can make a huge issue for data integrity. B. Google File System (GFS) architecture Another interesting approach is that proposed by GFS, which is not using special cache at all. GFS is a distributed file system developed by Google for its own applications. Google GFS system (GFS cluster) consists of a single master and multiple Chunkservers (nodes) and is accessed by multiple clients, as shown in Figure 2 [[v]].Each of these nodes is typically a Linux machine running a server process at a user level. Figure 2 : GFS Design The files to be stored are divided into pieces of fixed size called chunks. The Chunkservers store chunks on local disks as Linux files. The master maintains all metadata of the file system. The GFS client code uses an application programming interface (API) to interact with the master regarding transactions related to metadata, but all communications relating to the data themselves goes directly to Chunkservers. Unlike AFS, neither the client nor the Chunkserver use a dedicated cache. Customers caches, according to Google, offer little benefit because most applications use large which are too big to be cached. On the other hand, using a single master can drive to a bottleneck situation. Google has tried to reduce the impact of this weak point by replicating the master on multiple copies called shadows which can be accessed in read-only even if the master is down. C. Blobseer architecture Blobseer is a project of KerData team, INRIA Rennes, Brittany, France[[vi]]. The Blobseer system consists of distributed processes (Figure 3), which communicate through remote procedure calls (RPC). A physical node can run one or more processes and can play several roles at the same time. Figure 3 : Blobseer Design Unlike Google GFS, Blobseer do not centralize access to metadata on a single machine, so that the risk of bottleneck situation of this type of node is eliminated. Also, this feature allows load balancing the workload across multiple nodes in parallel. D. Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) The Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS) is a component of Apach Hadoop project [[vii]]. HDFS is highly fault-tolerant and is designed to be deployed on low-cost hardware. As shown in figure 4, HDFS stores file system metadata and application data separately. As in other distributed file systems, HDFS stores metadata on a dedicated server, called the NameNode. Application data are stored on other servers called DataNodes [[viii]]. Figure 4: HDFS Design There is one NameNode per cluster and it makes all decisions regarding replication of blocks [[ix]]. Data Storage as blob The architecture of a distributed storage system must take into consideration how files are stored on disks. One smart way to make this possible is to organize these data as objects of considerable size. Such objects, called Binary Large Objects (BLOBs), consist of long sequences of bytes representing unstructured data and can provide the basis for a transparent data sharing of large-scale. A BLOB can usually reach sizes of 1 Tera Byte (TB). Using BLOBs offers two main advantages: The Scalability: Maintaining a small set of huge BLOBs including billions of small items is much easier than directly managing billions of small ones. The simple mapping between the application data and file names can be a big problem compared to the case where the data are stored in the same BLOB and that only their offsets must be maintained. The Transparency: A data management system based on shared BLOBs, uniquely identifiable through ids, relieves application developers of the burden of explicit management and transfer of their locations on the codes. The system thus offers an intermediate layer that masks the complexity of access to data wherever it is stored physically [[x]]. Data striping Data striping is a well-known technique for increasing the data access performances. Each BLOB or file is divided into small pieces that are distributed across multiple machines on the storage system. Thus, requests for access to data may be distributed over multiple machines in parallel way, allowing achieving high performances.Two factors must be considered in order to maximize the benefits of this technique: Configurable strategy of distribution of chunks: Distribution strategy specifies where to store the chunks to achieve a predefined goal. For example, load balancing is one of the goals that such strategy can allow. Dynamic configuration of the size of the chunks: If the chunks size is too small, applications would have to retrieve the data to be processed from several chunks. On the other hand, the use of too large chunks will complicate simultaneous access to data because of the increasing probability that two applications require access to two different data but both stored on the same chunk. A lot of systems that use this type of architecture, such as GFS and Blobseer use a 64 MB sized chunks, which seems to be the most optimized size for those two criteria. concurrency Processing concurrency is very dependent on the nature of the desired data processing and of the nature of data changes. For example, Haystack system that manages Facebook pictures which never changes [[xi]], will be different from Google GFS or IBM General Parallel File System (GPFS) which are managing a more dynamic data. The lock method is used by many DFS to manage concurrency and IBM GPFS has developed a more effective mechanism that allows locking a byte range instead of whole files/blocks (Byte Range Locking) [[xii]]. GFS meanwhile, offers a relaxed consistency model that supports Google highly distributed applications, but still relatively simple to implement. Blobseer developed a more sophisticated technique, which theoretically gives better results. The snapshot approach using versioning that Blobseer brings is an effective way to meet the main objectives of maximizing competitive access [[xiii]]. The disadvantage of such a mechanism based on snapshots, is that it can easily explode the required physical storage space. However, although each write or append generates a new version of the blob snapshot, only the differential updates from previous versions are physically stored. DFS Benchmark As we have detailed in this article, generally there is no better or worse methods for technical or technological choices to be adopted to make the best of a DFS, but rather compromises that have to be managed to meet very specific objectives. In Table 2, we compare five distributed file systems: GFS, GPFS, HDFS, AFS and Blobseer. Choosing to compare only those specific systems despite the fact that the market includes dozens of technologies is led particularly by two points: 1. It is technically difficult to study all systems in the market in order to know their technical specifications, especially as several of them are proprietary and closed systems. Even more, the techniques are similar in several cases and are comparable to those of the five we compared. 2. Those five systems allow making a clear idea about the DFS state of the art thanks to the following particularities: GFS is a system used internally by Google, which manage huge quantities of data because of its activities. GPFS is a system developed and commercialized by IBM, a global leader in the field of Big Data HDFS is a subproject of HADOOP, a very popular Big Data system Blobseer is an open source initiative, particularly driven by research as it is maintained by INRIA Rennes. AFS is a system that can be considered as a bridge between conventional systems such as NFS and advanced distributed storage systems. In Table 2, we compare the implementation of some key technologies in those five systems. Analysis of the results of Table 2 leads to the following conclusions: The five systems are expandable in data storage. Thus, they cover one of the principal issues that lead to the emergence of Distribute File System. Only Blobseer and GPFS offer the extensibility of metadata management to overcome the bottleneck problem of the master machine, which manage the access to metadata. Except AFS, all studied systems are natively tolerant to crash, relying essentially on multiple replications of data. To minimize the lag caused by locking the whole file, GPFS manage locks on specific areas of the file (Byte range locks). But the most innovative method is the use of versioning and snapshots by Blobseer to allow simultaneous changes without exclusivity. Except AFS, all systems are using the striping of data. As discussed earlier; this technique provides a higher input / output performance by striping blocks of data from individual files over multiple machines. Blobseer seems to be the only one among the systems studied that implements the storage on blobs technique, despite the apparent advantages of such technique. To allow a better scalability, a DFS system must support as much operating systems as possible. But while AFS, HDFS and GPFS à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹ supports multiple platforms, GFS and Blobseer run exclusively on Linux, this can be explained partly by the commercial background of AFS, HDFS and GPFS. Using a dedicated cache is also a point of disagreement between systems. GFS and Blobseer consider that the cache has no real benefits, but rather causes many consistency issues. AFS and GPFS uses dedicated cache à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ ¹on both client computers and servers. HDFS seems to use dedicated cache only at client level. Conclusion In this paper, we reviewed some specifications of distributed file storage systems. It is clear from this analysis that the major common concern of such systems is scalability. A DFS should be extendable with the minimum cost and effort. In addition, data availability and fault tolerance remains among the major concerns of DFS. Many systems tend to use non expensive hardware for storage. Such condition will expose those systems to frequent or usual breakdowns. To these mechanisms, data striping and lock mechanisms are added to manage and optimize concurrent access to the data. Also, Working on multiples operating systems can bring big advantages to any of those DFS. None of these systems can be considered as the best DFS in the market, but rather each of them is excellent in the scope that it was designed for. Table 2 Comparative table of most important characteristics of distributed file storage GFS by Google GPFS IBM HDFS Blobseer AFS (OPEN FS) Data Scalability YES YES YES YES YES Meta Data Scalability NO YES NO YES NO Fault tolerance Fast Recovery.Chunk Replication.Master Replication. Clustering features.   Synchronous and asynchronous data replication. Block Replication.Secondary NameNode. Chunk ReplicationMeta data replication NO Data access Concurrency Optimized for concurrent   appends Distributed byte range locking Files have strictly one writer at any time YES Byte-range file locking Meta Data access Concurrency Master shadows on read only Centralizedmanagement NO YES NO Snapshots YES YES YES YES NO Versioning YES unknown NO YES NO Data Striping 64 MB Chunks YES YES (Data blocks of 64 MB) 64 MB Chunks NO Storage as Blobs NO NO NO YES NO Supported OS LINUX AIX, Red Hat, SUSE , Debian Linux distributions, Windows Server 2008 Linux and Windows supported , BSD, Mac OS/X, Open Solaris known to work LINUX AIX, Mac OS X, Darwin, HP-UX, Irix, Solaris, Linux, Windows, FreeBSD, NetBSD OpenBSD Dedicated cache NO YES by AFM technology YES (Client) NO YES []  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   John Gantz and David Reinsel. THE DIGITAL UNIVERSE IN 2020: Big Data, Bigger Digital Shadows, and Biggest Growth in the Far East. Tech. rep. Internet Data Center(IDC), 2012. [2]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   OpenAfs : www.openafs.org/ [3]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Monali Mavani : Comparative Analysis of Andrew Files System and Hadoop Distributed File System, 2013. [4]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Stefan Leue : Distributed Systems Fall, 2001 [5]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Sanjay Ghemawat, Howard Gobioff, and Shun-Tak Leung Google* : The Google File System. [6]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Blobseer: blobseer.gforge.inria.fr/ [7]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Hadoop: hadoop.apache.org/ [8]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Konstantin Shvachko, Hairong Kuang, Sanjay Radia, Robert Chansler Yahoo!: The Hadoop Distributed File System, 2010. [9]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Dhruba Borthakur : HDFS Architecture Guide, 2008. [0]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Bogdan Nicolae, Gabriel Antoniu, Luc Boug_e, Diana Moise, Alexandra, Carpen-Amarie : BlobSeer: Next Generation Data Management for Large Scale Infrastructures, 2010. [1]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Doug Beaver, Sanjeev Kumar, Harry C. Li, Jason Sobel, Peter Vajgel, Facebook Inc: Finding a needle in Haystack: Facebooks photo storage, [2]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Scott Fadden,   An Introduction to GPFS Version 3.5, Technologies that enable the management of big data, 2012. [3]  Ãƒâ€šÃ‚   Bogdan Nicolae,Diana Moise, Gabriel Antoniu,Luc Boug ´e, Matthieu Dorier : BlobSeer: Bringing High Throughput under Heavy Concurrency to Hadoop Map-Reduce Applications, 2010.

Metapsychologism In The Philosophy Of Logic Essay -- Philosophy Philos

Metapsychologism In The Philosophy Of Logic ABSTRACT: The problem of psychologism in the philosophy of logic and the different solutions of this problem are considered. Both traditional psychologistic and antipsychologistic solutions are shown to be untenable and the need for a new solution is demonstrated. The original program of metapsychologism is advanced as a solution to the problem of psychologism based on deduction-search theory. Two formalized levels of a logical procedure are distinguished: 1) an object-level at which a notion of inference is formalized; 2) a metalevel at which principles of deduction-search are formalized, and a thesis of metapsychologism according to which metalevel processes are formulated. Metapsychologism lifts usual psychologist considerations one level up in the hierarchy of logical procedure, while a non-psychologist justification of logical relations is kept at the object-level. The application of the thesis of metapsychologism to different concrete logical procedures is considered. "In the old anti-psychologistic days ...". W. van O. Quine. "Epistemology Naturalized" The debate between psychologism and antipsychologism in the XXth century psychology of logic seemed to be solved ultimately in favor of antipsychologism. After G. Frege, E. Husserl, R. Carnap and J. Lukasiewicz it was almost generally recognized that the only true philosophy of symbolic logic is antipsychologism. Antipsychologism was considered as a thesis belonging to the body of symbolic logic itself. In this paper I try to re-examine relations between antipsychologism, psychologism and modern logic. The problem of psychologism The re-examination mentioned presupposes an analysis of notions of psychologism and a... ...ress, 1993. Vol. 1. P. 349-489. (4) S. Haack Philosophy of Logics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978. (5) G. Frege Logik [1897] // Schriften zur Logik und Sprachphilosophie. Aus dem Nachlaß. Hamburg: Felix Meiner Verlag, 1990. S. 65. (6) J.A. Robinson, Logic: Form and Function. The Mechanisation of Deductive Reasoning. Edinburgh: Edinburg University Press, 1979. P.93. (7) Ibid. P.94. (8) E. Barth, E. Krabbe, From Axiom to Dialogue: A Philosophical Study of Logic and Argumentation. Berlin, 1982. P. 10-11. (9) Of course in practice we do not use such elaborate constructions. However, if we work with sequential systems, then the existence of an object level system and an opportunity for the translation of the results of a proof-search in sequential calculi into the proofs of a Hilbert type axiomatic or natural system are tacitly presupposed.

Setting My Sights Essay -- essays research papers

Running head: SETTING MY SIGHTS Setting My Sights Only three short weeks ago, I was presented with the opportunity to attend school at the University of Phoenix in order to complete my degree. While I was certain that continuing school was one of my goals, I was not sure if now was the best time. Despite my wavering feelings, I made the choice to proceed. Still, while making the decision to begin attending college, I never really considered my lifetime goals as they pertained to education. While I was set on the most obvious goal of finishing college and graduating with a degree, it still felt unsettling to begin college in general. To my surprise, we were presented with the task of writing a paper on our personal goals as one of the first assignments for this class. I was suddenly given the opportunity to analyze my personal goals with respect to education, work, and other aspects of my life. I came to realize that my primary personal goal was to expand my knowledge to gain a better understanding of myself and to determine my ultimate path in life. For me, these goals could only be realized by attending college. During my time at University of Phoenix, I will be investing my time and energy into the specific objectives of graduating and improving myself as a person. The most obvious goal as a student is to graduate, yet it is not always the easiest to achieve. While this may seem rudimentary to some people, I am having a hard time grasping the idea o...

Proctor and Gamble: No Links with Satanism Essay

Introduction   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is human nature to be easily lured into tales of the strange and the extraordinary. In fact, any person generally relishes on spinning tales of his/her own probably to attract attention, and for sheer fun, make others believe as if they were true. Nowhere is this more applicable than in the many instances of modern oral traditions. Stories such as the biggest snake reared as a twin of the daughter of the owner of the biggest mall in the city. That this huge snake got lost one day and swallowed one or two customers in the mall. This story has circulated in countless other malls and in plentiful variations.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the case of one of the world’s biggest manufacturers of household materials, Procter and Gamble experienced one of the unforgettable rumors some malicious people spread in an obvious effort to pull them down. It was allegedly orchestrated by a rival corporation. What happened with Proctor and Gamble that it has suffered losses in business because it was accused of being involved in satanic activity? Just what is the nature of urban legends and its proliferation today inspite of modernism? This paper briefly describes and explains urban legends, the case on the Procter and Gamble and its supposedly satanic connection, and the veracity of the claims to the contrary by the management of the corporation. Discussion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Microsoft Encarta, urban legends refer to â€Å"contemporary stories that are set in an urban environment and reported as true (sometimes in newspapers) but that contain patterns and motifs that reveal their legendary character† (2006). Why people believe in them and the apparent failure to quash these stories are crucial to our deeper understanding of the nature of this phenomenon.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The myth and controversy that featured well the problem of P&G, gives people in the present time to adjust and â€Å"feel† that urban legends exemplify the fact that at times people would rather believe an unsubstantiated report, even stick to it in the face of obvious lack of proofs. Discussion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   What is the case of the Proctor and Gamble company and reasons why the belief that it has satanic alliances? In all likelihood, there was truth to the fact that rival Amway Company made sure that this rumor will reach the public and might probably cause the public to pull out their product support from P&G. Before the controversy, P&G had many little rumors spreading like bush fire. It started with the logo – that of the thirteen stars among the head of a man with horns on his head and the news then communicated that it represented satanic occultism. Later many short stories around the same theme circulated already, i.e. that the CEO of P&G had arranged for an appearance in Donahue show, and supposedly spoke openly of his alliance with the satanic church. Many, after P&G won its lawsuit against Amway, still enjoy the way the story gets around. On a more serious note, what it had escalated to be, authoritarian voices say, was all a part of the fierce marketing approaches that had existed for a time now. After the rumor, approximately 200,000 inquiries were received by the company which all inquired on the satanic church alliance or its friendship with Rev.Sun Myung Moon (known as Moonies) that P&G was accused of. All these were not true because no evidences are available to establish that the P&G CEO or president had this affiliation. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many believe urban legends like what happened with Proctor and Gamble because they think that the strangeness of its logo, are proofs that something â€Å"fishy† is going on. The unstoppable proliferation of the story is deemed to be due to our curiosity of what unfamiliar things are to us. The P&G dilemma remains to be a continued reminder of again, lack of preparations which might probably due to the inconvenient manner of physical preparation. Works Cited Page _____ It’s Back:Rumors of Satanism plague Proctor and Gamble.    accessed june 21, 2007. ______ 5th circuit: Proctor and Gamble ant have another shot at Amway. Associated Praise. Marrs, Texx. Devil companies, Devil Products and Devil logos?    Accessed June 20, 2007.

Transworld Auto Parts

Christine Lam BA 453 – Case Briefing: Transworld Auto Parts November 11, 2012 Company Overview: Transworld Auto Parts (TAP) is a Tier 1 manufacturer of original and after-market parts for automobile producers both in the United States and abroad. TAP focuses on manufacturing in two core product lines: electronics and interiors. Apart from that, it also separates its customer-centered divisions into four divisions: luxury, economy, mid-priced, and truck. TAP also serves in three main geographic markets including North America, Europe, and Asia.Problem Definition: Which of the two balanced scorecard approaches better illustrates how Transworld Auto Parts can improve their ROCE by 8% given the current economic downturn? Situational Analysis: Transworld Auto Parts belongs in the automobile manufacturing industry. This industry is very susceptible to industry trends and changes because much of the industry’s sales depends on the external environment which affects both consum er and supplier behavior. During 2008 when the economy experienced a global recession, many auto makers such as Chrysler and General Motors were on the brink of insolvency due to the decline in car sales.Utilizing the PESTEL framework to better understand the macro-environment, the recession reflects economic factors in the external environment which can influence the industry. The recession affected consumers in the sense that they possessed less disposable income, causing them to be less inclined to purchase new cars during this time. However, other aspects of the external environment can benefit firms within this industry. For example, with the rising automobile production in Asia, many suppliers can consider global expansion and developing sales in international markets.Many car manufacturers in Asia possess low labor costs and a great demand in local markets, so suppliers within the industry have this opportunity to expand. Not only is it important to consider the industry and external environment in which TAP operates in, it is also important to analyze its internal resources and capabilities in order to better understand the company. TAP currently has operations in four different customer-centered divisions: luxury, economy, mid-priced, and truck. However, TAP decided to only focus on improving their luxury and economy division because these two divisions will allow TAP to compete ggressively and make the most profit, according to their research. Each of the separate divisions is managed by a separate manager and supporting staff. This allows Ellen Bright, CEO of TAP to distinguish results from each division and form her own board of directors to make strategic decisions. TAP flourishes with this hierarchical structure because it allows the company to micromanage each separate division’s profitability for the company and for it to implement any changes when necessary.Strategy: After Bright decided to cut the other two divisions, each manager from the luxury and economy division respectively were assigned to create a balanced score card to describe their objectives on how to improve their division and what must be done to achieve their parent company’s target goal of an 8% return on capital employed (ROCE). Eckhardt, president of the luxury division presented a balanced score card that was simple yet with focused objectives for each aspect of the balanced score card.For example, the financial perspective contained 4 main goals: increase ROCE, increase cash flow, increase revenue, and increase gross margin. The customer perspective simply included: improve customer satisfaction, manage innovation, and initiation customer R&D partnerships. Similarly, the process perspective included two main goals: reduce raw materials cost and maintain quality leadership. Lastly, the learning and growth perspective only included one objective: increase employee engagement. On the other hand, Kwon, president of the economy division took a more complex and descriptive approach with the balanced score card.He went into detail about each of the four perspectives and proposed very specific, action-oriented goals. He had similar financial perspective objectives, but each of the other perspectives contained about four or five different objectives. For example, the learning and growth perspective contained six objectives: train buyers on low cost procurement, enhance electronic interchanges with customers and suppliers, transform workforce into JIT/lean experts, make JIT/lean a priority for all workers, alight IT to support TQM and JIT, and enhance workforce capabilities in TQM.Both approaches of the balanced score card aim to attain similar overall goals. Below are some pros and cons for each approach: Luxury Division- Pros: focusing goals in broad chunks make it easier to attain, with attainable goals employees are happier, creating healthier company morale Cons: too simple without specifically stating what actions mus t be taken in order to meet objectives, might cause confusion among employees Economy Division- Pros: very detailed with specific measures and actions on how to achieve objectives Cons: may seem to expect too much from employees, which makes goal appear to be and discourage employeesAction Plan: After analyzing both approaches to the balanced score card, the economy division presented a more well thought out and action specific plan to reach the company’s target goal. The most important factors to consider when analyzing balanced score cards are: * Does it describe and link? * Does it provide incentives and balances? * Does it predict and plan? Kwon did a great job describing each objective and linking it to other perspectives of the BSC. This in turn created specific goals which are measurable.The objectives he proposed included both financial and non financial goals creating an overall balance. Lastly, his balanced score card plans for not only short term objectives but als o long term objectives which helps plan for the company’s future success. In conclusion, Kwon had a better approach to the balanced score card and Bright should promote Kwon to the COO position. Appendix A Revised Balanced Score Card for Luxury Division | Objectives| Measures| Financial Perspective| Increased ROCE| ROCE| Increase Cash Flow| Year-to-date cash flow from operating activities| Increase Revenue| Year-to-date revenue|Increase Gross Margin| Gross Margin %| Customer Perspective| Improve customer satisfaction| global market share| Be low-cost provider of quality| % of components with prices lower than competitors| Manage innovation of products | number of new products introduced, customer surveys | Create customer R&D partnerships| number of customers with whom TAP partners with | Be highest quality provider| customer surveys | Process Perspective| Reduce raw materials cost| cost of raw materials with respect to % of revenue| Eliminating defect rates| track number of defects|Improve supplier base| number of suppliers, ratings of each supplier| Better inventory/demand forecasting| % reduction in inventory carrying costs | Improve manufacturing efficiency| reduction in unscheduled downtime, % reduction in labor hours per part | Learning and Growth Perspective | Increase training of employees| number of certified employees| Increase employee engagement| satisfaction surveys| Aligning IT support | % increase in IT spending| Managing tools employee uses| employee survey |

Psychology of Personality Essay

The method by which a person can seek to be successful in the varied areas of their life, can be pin pointed to how well a person is aware of them self. To be more specific, the person needs to have an understanding of self-awareness and the connection it has to success. â€Å"Self-awareness is fundamental to self-leadership. Leaders who have mastered self-awareness are realistic and accurate when they assess their personal strengths and weaknesses.† (Watson, 2004). Thereby self-awareness comes from knowing what are the personal strengths and weaknesses we have as it relates to the areas of our lives such as with family, work and school. Based on my desire to better myself in the different areas of my life, I seek to identify the abilities and skills I hold strongest, discover the areas I am weakest in and define how I can go about in making improvements based on my findings. During my readings at the University of Phoenix, I arrived at discovering learning styles and how understanding your own style can be the key to grasping control of a successful education. The process of which touched on the subject of self-awareness and how assessment tests could help you to reach the level of understanding needed. In chapter 2 of â€Å"Keys to College Studying: Becoming a Lifelong Leaner† (Bishop & Carter & Kravits, 2002), it was stated that, â€Å"Many different kinds of assessments give people a method of self-discovery, providing different means of exploring strengths and weaknesses, abilities and limitations.† (p29). After completing a couple of assessments as covered in the chapter, I found myself to have a logical and adventurer personality style with strengths in being skillful in a variety of fields that make use of my abilities to organize materials logically, explain things in sequential order, analyzing information, and hands-on problem sol ving to name a few. These strengths are not only evident in my line of work as a welder, but in the way I live my personal life and the way I interact in with my learning team members. Along the lines of an old commonly known clich & eacute;, for every positive there is a negative, I learned that just as I have good personal strengths, there are as well weaknesses to bare. â€Å"Human strengths are as real as human weakness, so say history and science.† (Lopez, 2003, p. 5). Among my weak points are the lack of being musically talented, sociable, and even though  being skillful in various fields can be a strength, there is a high sense of pride from doing good quality work, that if not controlled could feed an ego rush that may rub off the wrong way for some people. In addition, while there are strengths to being an adventurer personality type with a desire to be involved in an action-packed environment that is on the constant go with a taste for the variety of things that can be done. The down side comes from the intense want for a personal life, work and school environment that can fulfill that diversified need. Overall weaknesses can be problematic and t he thought of there being kinks in somebody’s armor, can bring a persons moral down. However, it needs to be understood that it is human to have weaknesses and that weaknesses can be strengthen. Among the various study materials I’ve read, in addition to discovering both personal strengths and weaknesses, there was as well supporting information on how a person can go about improving their weaker personality styles. The website for Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary (2006) defines the word improve as, â€Å"2a: to enhance in value and quality: make better.† (Definition 2a). That enhancing of value and quality is precisely what I seek to accomplish in my areas of home, work and school which I plan to make better so as to improve my overall life. Over and again, in my readings, it was commented that a person should make use of their personal strengths in order to support and improve on the weaknesses. As thus, by taking what I have come to learn about my personality style and in seeking courses, training, self-help books and kits tailored to my learning style on subjects that cover those areas I am weak in, will it be possible for me to improve. Of course, only through practice on top of more practice shall I be able to truly make improvements to my weaker areas and in time when I reassess my personal strengths and weaknesses will I be able to tell where I stand. Anyone with a good understanding of his or her self-awareness, thus knowing what his or her own personality style is, can very well hold the key to having a successful life. So in knowing what your personal strengths and weaknesses are, will you be able to know what type of classes will suite you best in school, what type of job would you be best fitted for at work and understand what reasoning there is behind the way you live your personal  life. In discovering my personality style was I able to grasp an understanding of the strengths and weaknesses I hold, which has allowed me to go forth in using my strong points to over come my drawbacks. In time with practice shall I be able to strengthen my weak points and perhaps one day reach, a level of equal enlightenment between the various personality styles. References: Bishop, J. & Carter, C. & Kravits, S. (2002). Learning Styles and Self-Awareness. Keys to College Studying: Becoming a Lifelong Learner. Prentice-Hall, Inc. 2002, pg. 29. Lopez, Shane J. & Snyder, C. R. & Rasmussen, Heather N. (2003). Striking a vital balance: Developing a complementary focus on human weakness and strength through positive psychological assessment. Positive Psychological Assessment: A handbook of models and measures. 2003, pp. 3-20Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary (2006). Improve. Retrieved March 6, 2006, from http://www.webster.com/dictionary/improveWatson, Liana (2004). Self-leadership: Becoming an Exceptional Leader. Radiologi Technology. Iss. July-August 2004, p457.

An Analysis of the opening sequences of Luhrmann’s Essay

I think Luhrmann repeated the prologue three times to make people understand what was to come, because he did not add the last two lines which were ‘In which if you with patient ears attend, What here shall miss, our toil shall strive to mend.’ In other words, meaning that if you have not understood this prologue they hoped their hard work helps you understand it.  The first time the prologue is shown is when the news reporter is on the news reading out the prologue. She has a modern American accent towards this but it seems as if Luhrmann has kept to the old Shakespearean language; also, there is the picture of a ring in the corner. The sequence starts of with interference and then it tunes in onto the news, then the news reporter starts reading out the prologue. To put it in media terms I would say the first few shots of the zoom in creating a lead up to the extreme close up of the news reporter. I would say then that a medium close up was used until the second time the prologue was shown. I think this interpretation of the prologue represents how important and how serious the conflict between the families is and shows the end of both lovers also showing the end of the feud. The second time the prologue is shown, it shows a serious of pictures of Verona Beach according to the lines of the prologue, which is now read by a man. Either, he wanted to make the prologue stronger by doing that or make a change to get it stuck in people’s head. There are loads of newspaper cuttings but one of the newspapers shows both the families, which ends up in flames. It also shows images of two skyscrapers one with Montague on top and the other with Capulet also God (Jesus) is standing in the middle showing, I think this shows that the feud might have gone to far and God has now stepped in to stop it. Also at the end of this both the families are shown with the other characters apart from Romeo and Juliet. In the Mise-en-scene of the completely said prologue, there were close-ups of the families, medium shots, long shots, bird’s eye view shots, etc. The third time the prologue is shown the writing comes up. In addition, there are a few scenes from the film later on, which gives us an insight of whats to come.  This start gives us quite a lot of insight to the film this gives us a head start to whats to come from the whole film. In this interpretation, I think there were only quick shots used to give an effect of how quick the story went.  I think the audience might get a different feeling from each time the prologue because it shows different types of ways to express the prologue it shows the end, beginning and middle. In Act 1, Scene 1 the two families’ boys have a comical fight at a petrol station but it shows the first actual conflict between the families. The Montague boys go down to petrol station and to represent them they have loud rap music in the background, whereas when the Capulet boys arrive they have spaghetti western music to represent them so the director might be trying to say that the Capulet boys are more old fashioned and that the Montague boys are more modern. Luhrmann creates an atmosphere of many things in this scene but the main three things are tension, fear and excitement. I first of all think Luhrmann created this by showing the anger between both families this both created tension and fear of one another, he done this by introducing the boys and slowly setting the scene up till both families started being rude to each other. Both families show this by ‘Body Language’ and ‘Face Expressions.’ I think the Montagues though felt more threatened by the Capulets because when the Capulets appeared they suddenly had a sense of fear in them, which created quite a bit of tension. The next thing was excitement this was that of the fight they were going to have and because of the tension Luhrmann had created he had to even it out by using humour, I think he done this by using the tension he had already created. When he had one of the Montague boys licking his nipples to scare the nuns and when he had one of the women in the car hitting him on the head with her handbag. I think he used a cowboy film clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, to make the scene more interesting and to make the fight presentable he used hidden typical cowboy props such as the flipping sign and music. But by doing this he has really stereotyped the western cowboy material but I am not trying to say that he is not doing what any other modern director does because they all stereotype in their films one way or another. I feel the opening scenes to a film are most crucial and I found that the opening scenes to Romeo and Juliet were quite substantial, the scenes of the prologue were quite short but short of this fact, it was very informative. However, I think it was difficult for Luhrmann to create the rest of the movie after such a good start but I think he done this during Act 1, Scene 1 by showing just how terrible the feud was in this case I mean hurting people who are not even involved in the fight. I personally think that the targeted audience for this film is from people aged  15 -30 years old as some of the violence would be too much for little kids, to take in and mostly the language and sense of this story would confuse them whereas if you showed it to an older person over 30 they would probably be more interested in a calm love story with not so much violence.  In my opinion, the opening scenes to this film were portrayed as an insight to the rest of the film. I see the representation of the prologues as a beginning, middle and end, but as the first act and first scene come up, I feel as if the whole film has started again but from a different angle. I also think that Luhrmann took on a great task and that was to re- enact Shakespeare’s greatest love story and I also think he done that well.

Athletics In MacGregors Sporting Landscape

However, using tactics which corroborate teamwork and competitive factors which in theory will motivate students to strive and increase their participation levels. 1. 0 Introduction This report will provide a detailed analysis of the participation of athletics in Macgregor’s microcosm as the societal norm believe that the status quo is â€Å"uncool†, it is known that the position of Australia’s porting landscape is very weak as there is a lack of participation within Australia as a whole This can be answered by a simple formula created to find the reason why some sports have a lack in participation in mainstream society today, Figueroa’s framework, this formula is divided into Levels listed in the following Cultural, Structural, Institutional, interpersonal and individual levels, nonetheless, it Is concluded that it is up to the individual of whether they decide to participate in Athletics or not. 2. 0 Figueroa’s Framework The social factors that influence an individual’s decision to participate in Athletics may indirectly or directly impact them by shaping their values, attitudes and beliefs. Knowing this the individual may find themselves being subjective to the people and also the certain factors they face in society ranging from cultural differences to peers to themselves. Sociologist, Peter Figueroa, develop a framework that analyses the equity of social resources that can also be implemented into the participation of athletics. . 1 Individual Level It can be argued that when it comes to equity and access issues, the individual level is the most important. This is because, while all levels of Figueroa’s Framework can identify how equity and sporting opportunities are presented to an individual, in the end it is the individual’s choice that will determine his or her access and level of participation in physical education. Kiss, 2012) This level is specific to Macgregor’s sporting landscape as it highlights the lack of participation in students; nonetheless, these decisions about sport and physical activity are ultimately made by the individuals Gen es, values, attitudes and personalities which are specific to each individual. 3. 0 Action plan In Macgregor’s deteriorating athletics program, the lack of participation in the carnivals can link to many reasons why they don’t compete in such events. Study shows that the majority of students would prefer to sit and chat with their friends instead of competing in athletics, however, to allow students to participate, an action plan was developed to; in theory create a more fun and enjoyable carnival thus increasing participation levels, using successful methods utilized in Australian sports such as Cricket, NRL, AFL, etc. The ideologies used within these sports can be integrated within the society of Macgregor’s microcosm shaping the status quo of Macgregor’s Athletics program in a more positive, enjoyable way. . 1 Justification of Action plan Throughout sporting history there are various techniques to strive for in order to have a successful carnival, the majority of successful sports share many similar techniques to better improve the participation of athletes in Australia such as making it more interactive for the audience thus improving their participation rates; for example, in tennis they implement a board that measures the speed of the serve for each game as well as the Olympics which show the world record for each event. nowing this; a supposed board that lists all the records of each event is shown publically pre-athletics carnival and during for students to observe and in theory become more motivated and strive to train and compete in the events believing they are able to break that record thus improving participation rates. Secondly, the appearance of famous sporting athletes have known to improve the participation of sports for example, NBA players frequently appear in many occasions of street basketball games as it obviously creates publicity, however, also improves the participation due to the fact that this allows the ‘average basketball fanatic’ who normally would watch their idol from the comfort of their own television, but in fact they are able to play side by side with their idol increasing their moral and motivation to play. This can also be implemented in the athletics carnival by having the famous athlete participate and motivate the students to join in and also create a slight sense of competition. Finally, it is a fact that Australians love to play team based sports as listed, AFL, Cricket, Football, NRL, Soccer, Basketball, Rugby League are in the top 10 Australian sports; this is 7 of the 10 sports that are shown. With this in mind, Students would be required to form groups of 3 and compete in the athletics carnival, with a twist; each event would hold a certain amount of points varying on the position the student places, 10points for 1st, 7points for 2nd, 5point for 3rd and participation will be worth 2 points. The team that scores the highest points will be rewarded with a prize, such as vouchers, etc. 4. 2 Links to survey results The action plan created was based on a census of the whole school to observe whether they would participate in athletics and their reasons to not. To justify the particular choices created in the action plan by showing the statistics which have guided the development as the spikes in the statistics assist in improving the participation by surveying the trend. The reason a record chart was implemented as it adds a competitive flair and students receive social rewards within the athletics carnival as 19% of students feel that there is no reward for students if they win the events, this will help students strive for the record instead of just trying to win. A massive 27% of students feel that they are not good enough for the athletics carnival and believe there is no point to participate and simply just socialize with their peers, with the appearance of a famous athlete; students would be motivated to part take in the events as the special guest can provide moral support and advice to improve their technique, etc. during the carnival as they can join in with the students. By creating team based events the 80% of students that prefer team sports are able to participate and at the same time fill the social void according to the 25% as they strive to motivate fellow teammates and allow each other perform better overall, also considering the 66% that would participate in the carnival if their peers were to join in. (Buckley, et al, 2013) 4. Links to research material including the individual level of the framework The research gathered of Figueroa’s framework on the individual level, it is realised that students values and beliefs are to strive for competition and rewards, as these factors have been fulfilled it will allow students to participate in a more enjoyable way, due to the fact that an individual’s values and beliefs reflect directly upon their parents, siblings and peers, however, it is proven that the individual learns to behave through the experience they have accumulated from mainly their peers, also the fact that students view the sports society in a ‘boring’ manner, they often assume they cannot socialise with their peers which majorly affect their participation rates. 5. 0 Conclusion

Supply and Demand of Online Music Streaming Essay - 1

Supply and Demand of Online Music Streaming - Essay Example Also, this mode of online streaming is much preferred over the illegal mods of accessing pirated versions of music because this is a legalized form of distribution. There are three main types of demands noted in the online streaming industry. The fans who prefer free audio show high relative elastic demand, the fans who are interested to pay a small amount of fees for streaming audio contents display a mild relative elastic demand in this industry and the fans who are interested to pay any amount for listening to their favourite audio contents account for the highly relative inelastic demand in the online streaming industry (Liebowitz, 2006). Not only the published contents but also electronic musical festivals which are difficult for every person to attend are seeing high popularity of online streaming, As the suppliers try to drive the prices of online streaming, this is also supported by the increasing demand of online streaming by different groups of fans. The market forces have shifted the demand curve towards a steeper trend because the changing landscapes of this industry and digital contents industry have made it favourable for online audio streaming (Krueger, 2005). Also, the increasing threat of content piracy to the considered industry has made the suppliers in this industry support the growth and popularity of online streaming of audio. The streaming of music festivals, rock concerts as well as live playing by musicians have seen an aggregate increase in demands over the recent years.