Comarative Analysis of Video Games

Comparative Study of Video Gaming Systems Final Report Due Date: August 10, 2011 Table of Contents Introduction†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Research Data†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦5 Results†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 17 Conclusions†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦24 Recommendations†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 25 Bibliography†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 27 List of Figures Graph 1. 1: Role-Playing Games Bar Graph Graph 1. 2: Adventure Games Bar Graph Graph 1. 3: Platformer Games Bar Graph Table 1. 1: Xbox 360 – Hardware SpecificationT able 1. 2: Xbox 360 – Total Games in Preferred Genres Table 1. 3: Wii – Hardware Specification Table 1. 4: Wii – Total Games in Preferred Genres Table 1. 5: Playstation 3 – Hardware Specificaton Table 1. 6: Playstation 3 – Total Games in Preferred Genres Table 1. 7: Comparing Costs Table 1. 8: Comparing Hardware Specifications Table 1. 9: Comparing Games Offered pt. 1 Table 1. 10: Comparing Games Offered pt. 2 Table 1. 11: Comparing Target Demographic Table 1. 12: Comparing Common Hardware Malfunctions and Glitches Table 1. 13: Comparing Movie-Playing Features Table 1. 14: Overall RankingTable 1. 15: Retail Locations and Prices Introduction Pascal, after remodeling your house and adding a bonus/entertainment room, you mentioned that you would love to buy a new video gaming system. The last video gaming system that you owned was a Nintendo 64, which pales in comparison to the systems available today. Since owning a Nintendo 64, your experience with playing video games has been limited to playing MMORPGs (Massive Multi-player Online Role Playing Games) on your personal computer. I have been researching your options and am constantly considering your preferences and restrictions.Your primary preference is game genre, with your most preferred genre being Role-Playing. Several other genres that you are interested in are Action, Adventure, Platformers, and Strategy. Your only real restriction is a spending limit of $700 for your entire gaming setup. Other preferences that have been noted are the system’s Blu-Ray capabilities, and that the system targets a mature audience. The three most prominent video gaming systems on the market that fit your preferences are Microsoft’s Xbox 360, Nintendo’s Wii, and Sony’s Playstation 3. The following criteria are being used to evaluate your options. Cost * Hardware Specifications * Games Offered * Target demographic * Common Hardware Malfunctions and Glitches * Movie- Playing Features The remaining contents of this comparative study will be organized into the several sections. RESEARCH DATA will be presented organized first by option and then by evaluative criteria. Each of the evaluative criteria will be compared in the RESULTS section by showing the results for each option side-by-side. These results will be totaled and a final CONCLUSION will be made. Finally, I will make a RECOMMENDATION as to the most appropriate course of action.Research Data Microsoft Xbox 360 Cost: $199. 99 – includes a 4GB console with built-in wi-fi, one wireless controller, A/V cables, and a one-month subscription to Xbox LIVE Gold. Hardware Specification: The following table shows vital hardware specifications that are important to your gaming preferences. Table 1. 1: Xbox 360 – Hardware Specification * Media Type| * DVD| * CPU| * 3. 2  GHz PowerPC Tri-Core Xenon| * Internal Memory| * 4 GB Flash| * RAM| * 512 MB| * Online Services| * Xbox Live| * Onlin e Multi-Player Services| * Yes| * Connector Types| 1 x AV cable port,5 x USB 2. , 1 x Kinect port,1 x HDMI output1 x SPDIF output,1 x Ethernet| * * Games Offered: The following table shows how many Xbox 360 games are offered in your three most preferred genres. Table 1. 2: Xbox 360 – Total Games in Preferred Genres Genre| Titles Available| Action| 563| Role-Playing| 108| Strategy| 48| The following images show compiled game review scores by genre to show which console does best for several preferable genres. The results have been split into two types for each console. The lighter shaded color bars show the average score for all games for the specified system in that genre.The darker shaded color bars show the average score of just the top 5 best-scoring games in that genre for the specified system. Graph 1. 1: Role-Playing Games Bar Graph Graph 1. 2: Adventure Games Bar Graph Graph 1. 3: Platformer Games Bar Graph Target Demographic: The target demographic of the Xbox 360 is most easily identified and quantified by looking at the ESRB ratings of the most popular game titles. The following is a list of the number of Xbox 360 titles offered for each ESRB game rating. EVERYONE – 303 Titles rated E (Everyone) have content that may be suitable for ages 6 and older.Titles in this category may contain minimal cartoon, fantasy or mild violence and/or infrequent use of mild language. EVERYONE 10+ – 213 Titles rated E10+ (Everyone 10 and older) have content that may be suitable for ages 10 and older. Titles in this category may contain more cartoon, fantasy or mild violence, mild language and/or minimal suggestive themes. TEEN – 535 Titles rated T (Teen) have content that may be suitable for ages 13 and older. Titles in this category may contain violence, suggestive themes, crude humor, minimal blood, simulated gambling, and/or infrequent use of strong language. MATURE – 491Titles rated M (Mature) have content that may be suitable for persons ages 17 and older. Titles in this category may contain intense violence, blood and gore, sexual content and/or strong language. RATING PENDING – 149 Titles listed as RP (Rating Pending) have been submitted to the ESRB and are awaiting final rating. (This symbol appears only in advertising prior to a game's release. ) Common Hardware Malfunctions and Glitches: The ten most common hardware malfunctions and glitches for the Xbox 360 are as follow: * 3 red flashing lights, also known as â€Å"Red Ring of Death† * Open tray and/or disc error messages * No video or only audio DVD laser replacement * DVD drive replacement * System freezes, dotted video or similar issues * 1 red light, E74 * 2 red lights * Stuck DVD tray * White screen Most of these issues must be dealt with by professionals and will be costly. Self-repair is a possibility, but is not recommended. Most systems run into issues eventually, but the Xbox runs into hardware problems more frequently than the other options. Movie-Playing Features: The Xbox 360 is capable of playing the following types of multimedia discs (list does not include Blu-Ray): * Xbox 360 Discs * Xbox 1 Discs * DVDs * CDs * DVD-R * DVD+R * DVD-RW * DVD+RW * CD-R CD-RW * Dual Discs Nintendo’s Wii Cost: $149. 99 – includes one remote controller, one nun chuck controller, one wheel controller, one sensor bar, and Mario Kart for Wii. Hardware Specification: The following table shows vital hardware specifications that are important to your gaming preferences. Table 1. 3: Wii – Hardware Specification * Media Type| * Flash Memory Card, * Nintendo Wii Disc, * Nintendo GameCube Disc| * CPU| * 729 MHzIBM PowerPC â€Å"Broadway†| * Internal Memory| * 512 MB| * RAM| * 512 MB| * Online Services| * Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection, WiiConnect24,| * Online Multi-Player Services| * Yes| Connector Types| (4 pin USB Type A),4 x Game controller,Component video output,Composite video output,S-Video output,2 x USB| * Games Offered: The following table shows how many Wii games are offered in your three most preferred genres. Table 1. 4: Wii – Total Games in Preferred Genres Genre| Titles Available| Action| 593| Role-Playing| 33| Strategy| 32| Also, see the graphics and information in the section Microsoft’s Xbox 360 – Games Offered. Target Demographic: The target demographic of the Nintendo Wii is most easily identified and quantified by looking at the ESRB ratings of the most popular game titles.The following is a list of the number of Wii titles offered for each ESRB game rating. EVERYONE – 916 Titles rated E (Everyone) have content that may be suitable for ages 6 and older. Titles in this category may contain minimal cartoon, fantasy or mild violence and/or infrequent use of mild language. EVERYONE 10+ – 355 Titles rated E10+ (Everyone 10 and older) have content that may be suitable for ages 10 and older. Titles in this category may contain more cartoo n, fantasy or mild violence, mild language and/or minimal suggestive themes. TEEN – 374Titles rated T (Teen) have content that may be suitable for ages 13 and older. Titles in this category may contain violence, suggestive themes, crude humor, minimal blood, simulated gambling, and/or infrequent use of strong language. MATURE – 57 Titles rated M (Mature) have content that may be suitable for persons ages 17 and older. Titles in this category may contain intense violence, blood and gore, sexual content and/or strong language. RATING PENDING – 61 Titles listed as RP (Rating Pending) have been submitted to the ESRB and are awaiting final rating. This symbol appears only in advertising prior to a game's release. ) Common Hardware Malfunctions and Glitches: Three common hardware malfunctions and Glitches for the Wii console are as follows: * Power Supply Issue * WiConnect 24 Issue * Dual Layer Wii Disc Problem All of these minor issues are covered by warranty and do not occur on the same scale as other video gaming system. The most common issue relating to the Wii system occurs when an excess of light interferes with the Wii Remote. Movie-Playing Features: The Nintendo Wii is only capable of playing Wii and GameCube discs and does ot support the playing of DVD or Blu-Ray Discs. Sony’s Playstation 3 Cost: $299. 99 – Includes access to the Playstation Network at no charge, 160GB harddrive, and one wireless controller. Hardware Specification: The following table shows vital hardware specifications that are important to your gaming preferences. Table 1. 5: Playstation 3 – Hardware Specificaton * Media Type| * Blu-Ray| * CPU| * 3. 2 GHz IBM Cell Broadband Engine (8-core)| * Internal Memory| * 160 GB HDD| * RAM| * 256 MB XDRAM| * Online Services| * Playstation Network| * Online Multi-Player Services| * Yes| Connector Types| 2 x USB,1 x Ethernet,1 x HDMI output,1 x PlayStation 3 AV output,1 x SPDIF output| * Games Offered: The fol lowing table shows how many Playstation 3 games are offered in your three most preferred genres. Table 1. 6: Playstation 3 – Total Games in Preferred Genres Genre| Titles Available| Action| 536| Role-Playing| 117| Strategy| 33| Also, see the graphics and information in the section Microsoft’s Xbox 360 – Games Offered. Target Demographic: The target demographic of the Playstation 3 is most easily identified and quantified by looking at the ESRB ratings of the most popular game titles.The following is a list of the number of Playstation 3 titles offered for each ESRB game rating. EVERYONE – 481 Titles rated E (Everyone) have content that may be suitable for ages 6 and older. Titles in this category may contain minimal cartoon, fantasy or mild violence and/or infrequent use of mild language. EVERYONE 10+ – 186 Titles rated E10+ (Everyone 10 and older) have content that may be suitable for ages 10 and older. Titles in this category may contain more car toon, fantasy or mild violence, mild language and/or minimal suggestive themes. TEEN – 529 Titles rated T (Teen) have content that may be suitable for ages 13 and older.Titles in this category may contain violence, suggestive themes, crude humor, minimal blood, simulated gambling, and/or infrequent use of strong language. MATURE – 373 Titles rated M (Mature) have content that may be suitable for persons ages 17 and older. Titles in this category may contain intense violence, blood and gore, sexual content and/or strong language. RATING PENDING – 145 Titles listed as RP (Rating Pending) have been submitted to the ESRB and are awaiting final rating. (This symbol appears only in advertising prior to a game's release. ) Common Hardware Malfunctions and Glitches:The five most common Playstation 3 hardware malfunctions and glitches are as follows: * Yellow light of death (3 red light beeps) * Not reading games/blu-rays * No video * Stuck discs * No power Doing self-re pair is very difficult on the Playstation 3 is highly discouraged. Most of these issues are not easy fixes and require the replacement of key components. Movie-Playing Features: The Playstation 3 is capable of playing the following types of multimedia discs (list includes Blu-Ray): * Playstation 1,2, and 3 Discs * Blu-Ray Discs * DVDs * CDs * DVD-R * DVD+R * DVD-RW DVD+RW * CD-R * CD-RW * Dual Discs RESULTS Comparing Costs The following table shows your three options with their prices and a ranking based on affordability. Table 1. 7: Comparing Costs Option| Cost| Ranking (1-Best Option)| Microsoft’s Xbox 360| $199. 99| 2| Nintendo’s Wii| $149. 99| 1| Sony’s Playstation 3| $299. 99| 3| BEST OPTION: All Because you have already identified that your spending limit is $700 for a gaming setup, none of these options go against your cost preference. Cost is not a preventative factor in purchasing a video gaming system based on this information.However, if you decide th at you would like to readjust your spending limit given the substantial difference between your limit and the prices of the systems, the Wii is your best option. Comparing Hardware Specifications The table below lists the hardware specifications for each option, and also includes the online capabilities of each system and their respective networks. Table 1. 8: Comparing Hardware Specifications | Options| Hardware Specification| Xbox 360| Wii| Playstation 3| * * Media Type| * * DVD| * * Flash Memory Card, * Nintendo Wii Disc, * Nintendo GameCube Disc| * * Blu-Ray| * * CPU| * * 3.   GHz PowerPC Tri-Core Xenon| * * 729 MHzIBM PowerPC â€Å"Broadway†| * * 3. 2 GHz IBM Cell Broadband Engine (8-core)| * * Internal Memory| * * 4 GB Flash| * * 512 MB| * * 160 GB HDD| * * RAM| * * 512 MB| * * 512 MB| * * 256 MB XDRAM| * * Online Services| * * Xbox Live| * * Nintendo Wi-Fi Connection, WiiConnect24,| * * Playstation Network| * * Online Multi-Player Services| * * Yes| * * Yes| * * Yes| * * Connector Types| 1 x AV cable port,5 x USB 2. , 1 x Kinect port,1 x HDMI output1 x SPDIF output,1 x Ethernet| (4 pin USB Type A),4 x Game controller,Component video output,Composite video output,S-Video output,2 x USB| 2 x USB,1 x Ethernet,1 x HDMI output,1 x PlayStation 3 AV output,1 x SPDIF output| * Ranking| 1| 3| 2| BEST OPTION: Microsoft’s Xbox 360 Because your preference is to play online Role-Playing Games, the focus of the hardware specification criterion has to be online capabilities. When it comes to online game-play, Xbox 360 has the technical specifications to make it the best option.One of the most important specifications in a system is its processor speed. The Xbox 360 boasts a 3. 2  GHz PowerPC Tri-Core Xenon processor, which is the same speed as the Playstation 3, but far superior to the Wii. When it comes to intense online game play with potentially dozens of other players, it is important to have a processor that can keep up. To keep the whole system running smoothly and minimize lag time, it is also important to have a substantial amount of RAM. The Xbox 360 and Playstation 3 have 512 MB or RAM, while the Wii only has 256 MB.At this point, the Xbox and Playstation 3 are nearly equal in terms of specifications that lean toward online gaming. What really pushes the Xbox 360 in the lead is their network: Xbox Live. As of 2011, Xbox Live has over 30 million users worldwide. Most of the games that are played on the Xbox Live network are geared toward your gaming preference of Role-Playing and Adventure games. However, due to the massive size of the network and the sheer number of users, even a less popular category like Strategy is available for multi-player gaming.According to Michael McNeilly, an experienced Xbox 360 online gamer, â€Å"There is really nothing like the Xbox Live network out there. The network for PS3 is okay, but it isn’t nearly as big and has a lot of bugs that still haven’t been worked out. † Michael Mcneilly has played all of the other systems extensively, but due to his love for online gaming, he chose the Xbox 360. Ralph Jones, an avid Wii owner and player, explained to me that he really has no need to play online. He mostly enjoys the physical nature of the Wii’s gameplay, and doubts that the Wii is even capable of serious online gaming.According to Kyle Johnson, an avid gamer and owner of all three options, the Wii is not a competitive option in terms of online gaming. When asked about the Playstation 3 and its online gaming community, Kyle explained that there is a reason that the Playstation Network does not have a subscription fee. It is not adequate when compared to Xbox Live, and the number of users sometimes makes it hard to play the less popular games online. Clearly, the Xbox 360 offers the best of both worlds. It has a massive online gaming community and also boasts a powerful 3. GHz processor. With processor speed and RAM that are equal to the Pl aystation 3 and far superior to the Wii, the Xbox Live community is what gives the Xbox 360 the top ranking and makes it the best option in terms of hardware specification. Comparing Games Offered Table 1. 9 lists a calculated average of the two figures previously provided in graphs 1. 1, 1. 2, and 1. 3. These figures were mean game-review scores of all games in three genres, and mean scores of the top-five best-selling games for the three genres. Table 1. 9: Comparing Games Offered pt. 1 | Options|Genre| Xbox 360| Wii| Playstation 3| Role-Playing Games| 79. 4| 72. 7| 71. 75| Adventure Games| 76. 1| 76. 7| 77. 9| Platformer Games| 76. 2| 72. 2| 76. 2| Ranking| 1| 3| 2| Table 1. 10 shows how many games are available for each system in your most preferred genre: Role-Playing Games. Table 1. 10: Comparing Games Offered pt. 2 | Options| Genre| Xbox 360| Wii| Playstation 3| Role-Playing Games| 108| 33| 117| Ranking| 2| 3| 1| BEST OPTION: Microsoft’s Xbox 360 Based on the averages found for all five relevant genres, the Xbox 360 is the best option for the Games Offered criterion.Even though the Playstation 3 has a slightly higher total number of Role-Playing Games available for sale, it does not outweigh the fact that the Xbox 360 scored significantly higher on overall game-review scores. It is generally more important to have higher-rated games than a greater quantity of lower-rated games. For this reason, the Xbox 360 is the best choice for the Games Offered criterion. Comparing Target Demographic Table 1. 11 displays your three options and the total number of ratings received for each rating category out of all games available for each system. Table 1. 11: Comparing Target Demographic Options (Number of Ratings)| Rating| Microsoft’s Xbox 360| Nintendo’s Wii| Sony’ Playstation 3| Everyone| 303| 916| 481| Everyone 10+| 213| 355| 186| Teen | 535| 374| 529| Mature| 491| 57| 373| Rating Pending| 145| 61| 145| Ranking| 1| 3| 2| BEST OPTION: Microsoft’s Xbox 360 Based on all of the games available for each gaming system, the Xbox 360 has the most games with ratings in the Mature and Teen categories. Since you, Pascal, are an adult and prefer the types of games that are most commonly rated Teen and Mature, the Xbox 360 gets the top rank for the Target Demographic criterion.Sony’s Playstation 3 comes in second with a comparable number of games in the Teen and Mature rating categories, but they are not quite as high as the Xbox 360. Nintendo’s Wii has least number of ratings in each of those categories. The Wii has a staggeringly low number of games in the Mature category at 57, and roughly 150 less games in the Teen category than the Xbox 360 and Playstation 3. This makes it clear that the Xbox 360 is geared toward an adult audience, and will likely have more games that suit the preferences of an adult. The Playstation 3 is a close second, but still offers significantly less games in the Mature catego ry.The Wii seems to be geared toward a younger, less mature audience, and will likely have the least number of games that will fit your preferences. With all of this considered, it is clear that the Xbox 360 is the best option for the Target Demographic criterion. Comparing Common Hardware Malfunctions and Glitches Table 1. 11 shows all of the common hardware malfunctions and glitches for each option. This table also assigns a ranking (1 being the system with the overall least severe hardware problems relative to the other options). Table 1. 12: Comparing Common Hardware Malfunctions and Glitches | Options| Microsoft’s Xbox 360| Nintendo’s Wii| Sony’s Playstation 3| Common Hardware Malfunctions and Glitches| *Complete System Crash – â€Å"Red Ring of Death†*Basic Hardware Failure (eg. DVD tray and laser failure)| *Power Supply Issue*WiConnect24 Issue*Dual-Layer Wi Disc Failure| *Complete System Crash –â€Å"Yellow Lights of Death†| Ra nking| 2| 1| 3| BEST OPTION: Nintendo’s Wii Based on this table and other research, I have identified Nintendo’s Wii as your best option for the Common Hardware Malfunctions and Glitches criterion. Even though the Wii does run into problems occasionally, they are rarely as severe as they are with the other options.All of the problems listed for the Wii are covered by warranty and are not worthy of complete system replacement. Alternatively, the Xbox 360 and Playstation 3 both commonly run into full system crashes, which render the system unusable. Kyle Johnson, an avid gamer and owner of all three options, has never run into a problem with his Wii, but has experienced full system crashes on both his Xbox 360 and Playstation 3. The only reason the Xbox 360 is ranked higher than the Playstation 3 is because self-repair on the Playstation 3 is strongly discouraged.Kyle Johnson and Michael McNeilly have both performed minor repairs on their Xbox 360’s, but have neve r dared to open up their Playstation 3’s. With all things considered, Nintendo’s Wii is the best option for the Common Hardware Malfunctions and Glitches criterion. Comparing Movie-Playing Features Table 1. 13 below shows all of the media discs played by each option, and whether or not that option satisfies your preference of having a built-in Blu-Ray player. Table 1. 13: Comparing Movie-Playing Features | Options| | Xbox 360| Wii| Playstation 3|Media Discs Played| * Xbox 360 Discs * Xbox 1 Discs * DVDs * CDs * DVD-R * DVD+R * DVD-RW * DVD+RW * CD-R * CD-RW * Dual Discs | * Wii Discs * GameCube Discs| * Playstation 1,2, and 3 Discs * Blu-Ray Discs * DVDs * CDs * DVD-R * DVD+R * DVD-RW * DVD+RW * CD-R * CD-RW * Dual Discs | Satisfies Preference? | No| No| Yes| Ranking| 2| 3| 1| BEST OPTION: Sony’s Playstation 3 Based on the media discs that each option offers, Sony’s Playstation 3 is the obvious choice for the top rank in the Movie-Playing Features criteri on.The Playstation 3 is capable of playing both DVDs and Blu-Rays, while the Xbox 360 is only capable of playing DVDs. The Nintendo Wii, however, cannot even play DVDs. Because you have identified that you prefer a video gaming system that has a built-in Blu-Ray player, the Playstation 3 is the best option for the Movie-Playing Features criterion. CONCLUSIONS Table 1. 14 lists the rankings of each of the six evaluative criteria used throughout this report. In order to come to an overall conclusion as to which option to select, I have assigned reversed point values to the previously determined rankings.If, for instance, an option received a ranking of 1, it would be valued a 3. A ranking of 2 receives a value of 2, and a ranking of 3 is valued a 1. The total number of points will be shown at the bottom of the table along with the final ranking. The video gaming system with the highest number of points will be ranked as 1 and will be your best option. Table 1. 14: Overall Ranking | Op tions| Evaluative Criteria| Xbox 360| Wii| Playstation 3| Cost| 1| 1| 1| Hardware Specification| 1| 3| 2| Games Offered| 1| 3| 2| Target Demographic| 1| 3| 2|Common Hardware Malfunctions and Glitches| 2| 1| 3| Movie-Playing Features| 2| 3| 1| Total Points| 16| 10| 13| Overall Ranking| 1| 3| 2| RECOMMENDATIONS It has been determined that Microsoft’s Xbox 360 is the best option, and I would like to recommend to you several retailers where it is available for purchase. The price is universal when bought new, but may vary depending on bundling and other promotions. I have prepared a table showing three popular retailers, the nearest location, and the price of the Xbox 360 4GB system. Table 1. 15: Retail Locations and PriceRetailers and Locations| Price| GameStop(425) 895-833116475 NE 74TH STRedmond, WA 98052| $199. 99| Target(425) 482-641013950 NE 178th PlWoodinville, WA 98072| $199. 99| Walmart(425) 741-94451400 164Th St SwLynnwood, WA 98087| $199. 99| Throughout my research I b egan to realize that the final outcome would depend heavily on how much any criterion was valued. Based on your personal preferences, the best choice is the Xbox 360. However, if you decided that you valued having a Blu-Ray player above everything else, then the Playstation 3 would be the best option.If you decided that the only way to play Role-Playing Games was to use a remote and a nun chuck, then the Wii would be the best choice. It all depends on the valuing of any particular criterion. If you are interested in doing further research, the bibliography lists all sources used. My personal interviewees may be available if you would like to ask them questions, and all of my other sources have a variety of useful and reliable information. Based on everything I have learned from this report and my personal experience with the system, I believe that the Xbox 360 is the best choice for a video gaming system.Bibliography â€Å"Console at Nintendo – Wii. † Nintendo Wii Cons ole. Web. 07 Aug. 2011. Dotree, Phil. â€Å"3 Common Wii Technical Problems. † Associated Content from Yahoo! – Associatedcontent. com. Web. 04 Aug. 2011. â€Å"ESRB Ratings Guide and Definitions. † Entertainment Software Rating Board. Web. 04 Aug. 2011. â€Å"How to Fix Common Xbox 360 Problems: Same Day Repairs, Low Prices. † Same-day Xbox Repair. Web. 04 Aug. 2011. Johnson, Kyle. Owns All Three Options, Personal interview. 29 July 2011. Jones, Ralph. Wii Owner, Personal interview. 30 July 2011. McNeilly, Michael. Xbox 360 Owner, Personal Interview. 0 July 2011. â€Å"Microsoft Xbox 360 Slim Specs (4GB) – Consoles – CNET Reviews. † Product Reviews – Electronics Reviews, Computer Reviews ; More – CNET Reviews. Web. 04 Aug. 2011. â€Å"Nintendo Wii Specs (original, Wii Sports Bundle) – Consoles – CNET Reviews. † Product Reviews – Electronics Reviews, Computer Reviews ; More – CNET Revie ws. Web. 04 Aug. 2011. â€Å"PlayStation 3 – 160 GB System. † PlayStation – PS3. Web. 04 Aug. 2011. â€Å"Playstation 3 Search – GameStop. † Games for PS3. Web. 04 Aug. 2011. â€Å"Sony PlayStation 3 Slim Specs (160GB) – Consoles – CNET Reviews. Product Reviews – Electronics Reviews, Computer Reviews & More – CNET Reviews. Web. 04 Aug. 2011. Towell Justin, Games Radar UK, â€Å"Which console does best and worst in each genre? † 09 Aug. 2011. â€Å"Wii Search – GameStop. † Games for Wii. Web. 04 Aug. 2011. â€Å"Xbox 360 4GB Console – Xbox. com. † Xbox 360 – Official Site – Xbox. com. Web. 04 Aug. 2011. â€Å"Xbox 360 Game Search – GameStop. † Games for Xbox 360. Web. 04 Aug. 2011. ——————————————– [ 1 ]. â€Å"Xbox 360 4GB Console – Xbox. com. â₠¬  Xbox 360 – Official Site – Xbox. com. Web. 04 Aug. 2011. [ 2 ]. â€Å"Microsoft Xbox 360 Slim Specs (4GB) – Consoles – CNET Reviews. † Product Reviews – Electronics Reviews, Computer Reviews & More – CNET Reviews. Web. 04 Aug. 2011. . [ 3 ]. â€Å"Xbox 360 Game Search – GameStop. † Games for Xbox 360. Web. 04 Aug. 2011. . [ 4 ]. Towell Justin, Games Radar UK, â€Å"Which console does best and worst in each genre? † 09 Aug. 2011. [ 5 ]. Towell [ 6 ]. Towell [ 7 ]. Towell [ 8 ]. Towell [ 9 ]. Towell [ 10 ]. GameStop [ 11 ]. GameStop [ 12 ]. â€Å"ESRB Ratings Guide and Definitions. † Entertainment Software Rating Board. Web. 04 Aug. 2011. . [ 13 ].Xbox 360 Game Search – GameStop [ 14 ]. ESRB [ 15 ]. Xbox 360 Game Search – GameStop [ 16 ]. ESRB [ 17 ]. Xbox 360 Game Search – GameStop [ 18 ]. ESRB [ 19 ]. Gamestop Xbox 360 Search [ 20 ]. ESRB [ 21 ]. â€Å"How to Fix Common Xbox 360 Pr oblems: Same Day Repairs, Low Prices. † Same-day Xbox Repair. Web. 04 Aug. 2011. . [ 22 ]. Johnson, Kyle. Owns All Three Options, Personal interview. 29 July 2011. [ 23 ]. Johnson [ 24 ]. Johnson [ 25 ]. â€Å"Console at Nintendo – Wii. † Nintendo Wii Console. Web. 07 Aug. 2011. . [ 26 ]. â€Å"Nintendo Wii Specs (original, Wii Sports Bundle) – Consoles – CNET Reviews. Product Reviews – Electronics Reviews, Computer Reviews & More – CNET Reviews. Web. 04 Aug. 2011. . [ 27 ]. â€Å"Wii Search – GameStop. † Games for Wii. Web. 04 Aug. 2011. . [ 28 ]. Towell [ 29 ]. Wii Search – GameStop [ 30 ]. Wii Search – GameStop [ 31 ]. ESRB [ 32 ]. Wii Search – GameStop [ 33 ]. ESRB [ 34 ]. Wii Search – GameStop [ 35 ]. ESRB [ 36 ]. Wii Search – GameStop [ 37 ]. ESRB [ 38 ]. Xbox 360 Game Search – GameStop [ 39 ]. ESRB [ 40 ]. Dotree, Phil. â€Å"3 Common Wii Technical Problems. † Assoc iated Content from Yahoo! – Associatedcontent. com. Web. 4 Aug. 2011. . [ 41 ]. Dotree [ 42 ]. Jones, Ralph. Wii Owner, Personal interview, 30 July 2011. [ 43 ]. Jones [ 44 ]. â€Å"PlayStation 3 – 160 GB System. † PlayStation – PS3. Web. 04 Aug. 2011. . [ 45 ]. â€Å"Sony PlayStation 3 Slim Specs (160GB) – Consoles – CNET Reviews. † Product Reviews – Electronics Reviews, Computer Reviews & More – CNET Reviews. Web. 04 Aug. 2011. . [ 46 ]. â€Å"Playstation 3 Search – GameStop. † Games for PS3. Web. 04 Aug. 2011. . [ 47 ]. Towell [ 48 ]. Playstation 3 Search – GameStop [ 49 ]. Playstation 3 Search – GameStop [ 50 ]. ESRB 51 ]. Playstation 3 Search – GameStop [ 52 ]. ESRB [ 53 ]. Playstation 3 Search – GameStop [ 54 ]. ESRB [ 55 ]. Playstation 3 Search – GameStop [ 56 ]. ESRB [ 57 ]. Playstation 3 Search – GameStop [ 58 ]. ESRB [ 59 ]. How to Fix Common Xbox 360 Prob lems [ 60 ]. Johnson [ 61 ]. Johnson [ 62 ]. Johnson [ 63 ]. Johnson [ 64 ]. McNeilly, Michael. Xbox 360 Owner, Personal Interview. 30 July 2011. [ 65 ]. Johnson [ 66 ]. Johnson [ 67 ]. McNeilly [ 68 ]. Jones [ 69 ]. Jones [ 70 ]. Johnson [ 71 ]. Johnson [ 72 ]. Johnson [ 73 ]. Johnson [ 74 ]. Johnson, McNeilly

Ethos, Logos and Pathos in Julius Caesar

Ethos, logos and pathos are three persuasion tools used by Shakespeare in Mark Antony’s funeral oration over Caesar’s body. Ethos is appeal based on the character of the speaker, Logos is appeal based on logic or reason and Pathos is appeal based on emotion. Antony uses these elements to turn the Roman crowd against the conspirators with a highly convincing speech. These three persuasion tools and structure and diction are the key elements of the effectiveness of Mark Antony’s famous speech.The most convincing use of ethos in Antony’s speech is in the first line of the speech; â€Å"Friends, Romans, countrymen, lend me your ears! † This shows that Mark Antony is trying to get in to the Roman crowd’s hearts with his status as a trustworthy man. He uses rhetorical irony throughout the speech constantly questioning the ethos of Brutus. Brutus uses ethos heavily in his speech, he was considered very honourable a by the Romans, and basically anyth ing that came out of his mouth had to be correct.Mark Antony targets the questionable character of Brutus several times saying: â€Å"And Brutus is an honourable man. † Antony then sums his speech up by using â€Å"I speak not to disprove what Brutus spoke. † This line once again outlines the irony used by Antony and this is where the trustworthy character of Mark Antony persuades the crowd to turn on the crowd, without Antony actually saying that what the conspirators did was the wrong thing. Logos can be facts that are used to persuade someone.Mark Antony uses a lot of facts throughout the course of his speech. One of the key facts in his initial speech is; â€Å"When that the poor have cried, Caesar hath wept. † To use this is very logical by Mark Antony since most of the people that he is trying to persuade aren’t the richest bunch of folk in Rome. So when he uses ‘poor’ as the type of people that Caesar cried for, the crowd thinks that i t is wrong to brutally murder someone who cared so much for them that†¦

Boeing Commercial Airplanes Essay Sample

I. Introduction Boeing Commercial Airplanes’ launched the 787 Dreamliner. a super-efficient aeroplane in order to run into the turning demands and penchants of an international audience across the Earth. An international squad of top aerospace companies is constructing the aeroplane. led by Boeing at its Everett. Washington installation near Seattle. ( Boeing. com ) Harmonizing to Boeing’s statement. the 787-8 Dreamliner will transport 210 – 250 riders on paths of 7. 650 to 8. 200 maritime stat mis ( 14. 200 to 15. 200 kilometres ) . while the 787-9 Dreamliner will transport 250 – 290 riders on paths of 8. 000 to 8. 500 maritime stat mis ( 14. 800 to 15. 750 kilometres ) . Additionally. the 787 jets provide air hoses with odd fuel efficiency. which overall is good to the planetary environment. The aircraft utilizes 20 per centum less fuel than likewise sized aeroplanes. The ends for betterments in fuel efficiency do non impede the aircrafts speed public presentation. The 787 will besides go at a similar velocity as today’s fastest broad organic structures. Mach 0. 85. Overall. the air hoses will that use the 787 Dreamliner will bask more cargo gross capacity. better interior environment. increased comfort. and more efficient public presentation. The background on the 787 plan shows the aircraft was launched in April 2004 with a record order from All-Nippon Airways. Numerous clients from across the universe have placed orders for 870 aeroplanes valued over $ 178 billion. doing it the most successful twin launch of a new commercial aeroplane in Boeing’s history. First flight of the 787 Dreamliner occurred on December 15. 2009. First bringing of the 787 to ANA took topographic point on Sept. 25. 2011. II. Beginnings of Construction Project Risk Uncertainty in building undertakings including that of building the Boeing 787 Dreamliner may originate from many beginnings and frequently involves many participants in the undertaking. Therefore. it is necessary for each participant to seek to minimise their ain hazard. This may make a clang between the assorted participants and as a consequence may be damaging to the undertaking. In order to extenuate these hazards. the construct of â€Å"risk sharing/risk assignment† contracts has gained credence by the federal authorities. This type of contract acknowledges the duties of the proprietors. the contract monetary values are expected to be lower than those in which all hazards are assigned to contractors. Beginnings of hazards in building undertakings may be classified as follows ( PM Book. 2012 ) : 1. Socioeconomic factors a. Environmental protection B. Public safety ordinance c. Economic instability d. Exchange rate fluctuation 2. Organizational relationships a. Contractual dealingss b. Attitudes of participants c. Communication 3. Technological jobs a. Design premises B. Site conditions c. Construction processs d. Construction occupational safety The environmental protection motion has contributed to the uncertainness for building because of alterations in the demands and the length of clip required for blessing taking into history clip for re-evaluations and added costs. A similar standard applies for Public safety ordinances. This will act upon the timeline and the budgets allocated for the undertaking itself. Economic conditions which have been fluctuating enormously in recent old ages besides contribute to project uncertainness. Changes in involvement rates and rates of rising prices will act upon the ability to finance a building undertaking. However. the uncertainness stemming from these fiscal facets of building should be at least mitigated or ideally eliminated with proper calculating techniques. During periods of economic enlargement. major capital outgos will raise the costs of building. and during periods of economic downswing these same costs may worsen. In order to command costs. some proprietors attempt to utilize fixed monetary value contracts so that the hazards of unanticipated eventualities related to an overheated economic system are passed on to contractors ( PM. 2012 ) . Businesss must factor in that contractors will raise their monetary values to counterbalance for the extra hazards. Technological alterations besides lead to a beginning of hazard among building undertakings. Promotions in new engineerings may show jobs to interior decorators and builders. hence increasing the hazards. New installations or engineerings may render the former obsolete and therefore impact the nature of the building. III. Systems to Address Construction Project Risk a. People- Make your squad accountable Each squad lead should be responsible for their squad. and each squad should be held accountable for the hazards involved in their section. They should be cognizant of the elements of the undertaking they are responsible for presenting and do them accountable by keeping review meetings each hebdomad to mensurate advancement. b. Technology-Forecast the hazards upfront Using the appropriate informations and engineering. it is of import to place the hazards of a undertaking up front. A hazard is an unanticipated event that mightnegatively impact on the undertaking in the hereafter ( Young. 20120 ) . Each hazard must be documented to analyse and find its likeliness and impact on the undertaking. c. Planning-Plan hazards sagely Proper planning will let building undertaking hazards to be known upfront. Therefore. a hazard program can be developed. The hazard program will enable the squad to place actions that can be taken to cut down the likeliness of the hazard happening. It will let for alternate scenarios or backups to be available. IV. Catastrophic Failure Fault Tree Discussion of Fault Tree A possible ruinous failure in building undertakings can happen from alterations in the economic conditions. Due to the recent province of the economic system. there have been legion alterations to the loaning market. These alterations may turn out ruinous to Boeing and its building of the 787 Dreamliner aircrafts. For illustration. in the scenario listed above. alterations in the ability to finance the undertaking may either render in unaffordable or may detain the expected timeline of completion. In the instance that Boeing is unable to afford the undertaking. it would hold to abandon the building of the aircrafts ; therefore it would be unable to present the aircrafts to the assorted air hoses which have ordered them. Therefore. it is of import for the company to maintain these factors in head when developing the undertaking hazards. For illustration. if the involvement rates were to lift. Boeing would be held accountable to pay higher costs to develop the aircrafts. Furthermore. if the Bankss were stricter in their loaning policies a higher down payment may be required. In both instances. if the company is unable to afford the higher involvement payments or the higher down payment. they would hold small room for dialogue and may hold to abandon the undertaking. However. if they are able to cover with these factors. which they should give. they must make a quantitative hazard analysis prior to the executing of the Dreamliner undertaking in order to guarantee the company’s ability to go on with the aircraft development in the instance of alterations in economic conditions. V. Course Project Part 1 The development of this state-of-the-art aeroplane will include an international squad of aerospace companies led by Boeing. The progresss in this aeroplane will cut down the usage of fuel by 20 % . addition lading capacity. increase maritime stat mis in a mid-range aeroplane. and better rider comfort. Boeing expects gross revenues of 3. 500 units over the following 20 old ages. ( Norris A ; Wagner. 2009 ) To truly understand the impact of multiple suppliers. along with the logistics to organize assembly. I will exemplify. discuss. and supply a decision utilizing two determination tree analyses. The first mistake tree will detail the bringing system and place the failure that could ensue in bringing failure. The 2nd mistake tree inside informations the deficiency of labour to piece the aeroplane. Both pose consequences that have the possible to financially impact the undertaking. The mistake tree diagram will supply a ocular representation of the hazard and assist analyse the cause by looking backwards to place the root cause. VI. Fault Tree One Discussion of Fault Tree One There are over 40 Companies/Business Units lending to the success of developing the 787 Dreamliner. Nine of the Companies/Business Unit of measurements are located outside of the United States. Given these two elements entirely there are a figure of mistakes that could do the concluding assembly and completion day of the month to be impacted. The first likely cause for losing the completion day of the month is the supply concatenation. The supply concatenation flow ensures the stuff is available harmonizing to the stock list degrees to go on edifice. Supply concatenation push systems help maintain stock list degrees set harmonizing to contractual understandings. When the quality throughput of the constituent is less than 95 % . the demand is increased. Quality steps are in topographic point to alarm the provider when the throughput is less than 95 % as desired but extra demands with decreased quality demands maintain the provider from presenting. Original programs called for particul ar manufactured points for each constituent yet the provider elected to utilize a less expensive option which isn’t meeting quality demands. To assist extenuate the provider hazards. find the supplier’s attitude to safety. quality. and environmental facets to presenting constituents. Another intervention would be to name an onsite provider affair director responsible for subscribing off on any provider and/or design alterations. It would besides be helpful to hold back to endorse contracts with sub-contractors. VII. Fault Tree Two Discussion of Fault Tree Two In the 2nd mistake tree I illustrated the impact of labour on the bringing of the 787 Dreamliner. The labour to piece the aeroplane constituents at the Boeing installation in Everett is critical to guarantee the on-time bringing of the aeroplane. The brotherhood labour to piece the Dreamliner is under contract reappraisal. the contract will run out two months prior to the first assembly. The termination of the mechanic contract and failure to get at a new reciprocally acceptable contract would take to a possible work stoppage. Discussion between the labour brotherhood and the company would be required to intercede the difference. The deficiency of a via media would do a important impact on the scheduled completion day of the month. However. dialogues to decide this difference are required to guarantee employees experience reasonably compensated and do non walk out during assembly. The usage of hazard intervention should supply a lower limit of efficient operation of the organisation. internal controls. and conformity with the Torahs and ordinances. To help with labour intervention hazard. re-allocate internal staff and cross train non-union members to finish the assembly of the aeroplane. Assess the proficient accomplishments required. develop a accomplishment demand profile for assembly. and place other critical accomplishments required for replacing. Treatment could besides include the constitution and care of an internal/external accomplishment profile of current. old. and possible employees to help should a labour work stoppage occur. VIII. Undertaking Risk Summary Financing of Dreamliner 787 Aircraft Time period: 5 old ages Submission Date: February 17. 2013 Commentary on Extreme or High hazards to the undertaking and their direction: High hazards of losing ability to build the coveted figure of 10 aircrafts per month based on alterations in the cost construction. Inability to present these concluding merchandises would go against footings and understandings with assorted air hose companies across the Earth and would be damaging Boeing’s being and unity. Drumhead hazard profile: High Hazard †¢ Interest Rate Changes †¢ Changes in loaning market Hazard description †¢ Higher involvement rates would increase costs of funding †¢ Difficult to obtain funding Hazard intervention and control sum-up †¢ Lock in the involvement rate at a fixed rate instead than go forth room for variableness †¢ Negotiate prior to the start of the undertaking and lock the understanding Duty †¢ Project Manager. finance squad. and accounting squads †¢ Project Manager. finance squad. and accounting squads Commentary on important alterations during the last period: Reviewed loaning standards and utilizing economic prediction informations determined the hazards involved. Besides. signed and locked all fiscal rates of involvement and loaning to guarantee their long term stableness. Commentary on the position of the hazard direction system in the undertaking: The undertaking has high hazards associated with funding. but proper analysis of economic hazard factors and executing of the hazard interventions give it a high potency for success. Although it is a drawn-out undertaking. it may necessitate extensions in the timeline allotted but should non hold any demand to abandon the full undertaking itself. IX. Decisions Overall. the completion of the Dreamliner 787 aircraft by Boeing seems to be come oning although it has encountered certain holds. The Boeing squad must see the hazard factors that are lending to these hazards and go on to explicate mechanisms to cut down this hazard. Based on the hazard appraisals conducted in this undertaking. at that place do non look to be any possible menaces of complete undertaking forsaking. By looking at the ruinous hazard tree. if the undertaking directors plan consequently the lone jobs that should originate from alterations in economic conditions would be holds in the timing of aircraft bringing. Proper prediction and hazard appraisal would render the chance of undertaking failure to be minimum since the company would do it a point to avoid the possible hazards. Above I merely identified one hazard analysis technique nevertheless there are many others available. Many are qualitative and don’t show the dependences between events. The tree technique I used above takes into consideration the logical combination of causes that contribute to the identified failed event. The mistake tree technique brings sufficient understanding to the nature of the failure and how to pull off the failed event ( s ) . Fault tree one helped me place that an onsite provider affair director would hold eliminated the failure along with standard work. signifiers and signatures to authorise such alterations to the measure of stuff for the constituent. Similarly. mistake tree two identified equal compensation as the root cause of the delivery/labor failure. Treatment of the hazard could hold included pull offing the hazard earlier in the contract and/or set uping a contract span or extension to avoid a work stoppage. Furthermore. an analysis of the mistake trees would let any possible menaces to the completion of the undertaking to be minimum of they are addressed rapidly and expeditiously. Boeing has undertaken a immense undertaking in the design and development of a new aircraft to function the demands of assorted air hoses across the Earth. Once the undertaking overcomes the minor obstructions it has presently faced. it will turn out to be rather successful. Undertaking directors must go on with regul ar hazard appraisals throughout the continuance of the aircraft development in order to guarantee that all the undertaking ends are met. and all the clients are satisfied. Ten. Works cited Cortez. A. ( 2010 ) . The complete idiot’s usher to put on the line direction. New York. New york: Penguin Group. Fraser. J. . A ; Simkins. B. ( 2010 ) . Enterprise hazard direction. Hoboken. New jersey: John Wiley A ; Sons. Inc. Kerzer. H. ( 2011 ) . Project direction prosodies. kpis. and splashboards. Hoboken. New jersey: John Wiley A ; Sons. Inc. Norris. G. . A ; Wagner. M. ( 2009 ) . Boeing 787 dreamliner. Minneapolis. Manganese: Zenith Press. Schuyler. J. ( 2010 ) . Hazard and determination analysis in undertakings. ( 2 ed. ) . Newtown Square. PA: Undertaking Management Institute. Inc. Boeing Websitehttp: //www. reuters. com/article/2011/11/08/uk-boeing-dreamliner-glitch-idUSLNE7A603L20111108. Kelly. Tom and Peterson. Kyle. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. smartplanet. com/blog/thinking-tech/belly-landing-what-causes-landing-gear-to-fail-video/9127. Peterson. Kyle. hypertext transfer protocol: //www. reuters. com/article/2012/02/06/us-boeing-idUSTRE81512U20120206. PM Book. hypertext transfer protocol: //pmbook. Ce. cmu. edu/02_Organizing_for_Project_Management. hypertext markup language. Young. Raven hypertext transfer protocol: //www. ravensbrain. com/2010/05/tips-for-reducing-project-risk. hypertext markup language. Turner. A. ( 2011 ) . The birth of the 787 Dreamliner. Kansas City: Andrews McMeel Publishing.

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Organizational Behavior and Culture - Assignment Example ? astounding success was Sheets’ efforts to professionalize the business by, among other things, putting the movers in uniforms, having them carry business cards and training them in customer service. Setting up the training facility also gave both her employees and franchisees a chance to enrich their jobs through the acquisition of new skills and ways to conduct their businesses and these gave them ultimate competitive advantage. Having all done so, Sheets has fulfilled the esteem, belongingness, and even self-actualization needs of her staff and business partners which in turn motivated them to perform better either as individuals or as teams. Like Mary Ellen Sheets in Case 1, Klaus Kleinfeld of Siemens is motivated by the need to become a self-actualized individual. A global citizen, he embraces change and pulls his organization along with him. Through his unwavering commitment, Kleinfeld was able to show a conventional company and its employees what they can expect to gain from their added efforts and dynamic performance in the long run. The cross-functional teams he created likewise expanded business opportunities for Siemens with their concerted actions and cooperation which were unheard of in traditional business settings. Kleinfeld and his self-motivated teams are slowly but surely directing Siemens towards becoming globally competitive

Exports and Imports of Kenya's government for the last decade Essay

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To what extent is migrant integration determined by formal and substantial citizenship - Essay Example Prior to an analysis of the subject, it is critical to describe the key terms in the paper. Literature defines migrant integration as the extent to which migrants are like the rest of the population. This may be seen through social economic indications like education, employment, housing and health. Alternatively, it may be manifested through cultural indicators like language, values, lifestyles and allegiances. Citizenship is the relationship one has between himself or herself and the state; it is political, civil, social, economic, cultural and symbolic. Formal citizenship focuses strictly on rights and duties that arise from one’s membership status within the state. Substantial citizenship refers to the economic, moral, and social resources to exercise rights .The phenomenon encompasses the lived experiences and the extent to which these rights are exercised. It is subjective and dwells on the social exchanges and interactions of people. These definitions thus indicate that having citizenship rights and putting into practice those rights enable social integration. If a migrant has access to citizens’ rights, they are more likely to bond with members of that community and demonstrate allegiance to it. Whether migrant integration is determined by formal and substantial citizenship Openness and inclusiveness as a precondition of migrant integration As mentioned in the introduction, formal citizenship encompasses the resources required to exercise citizenship rights. One dimension of these resources is the social dimension. A society’s value system can determine how effectively a migrant integrates with the larger society. If upon citizenship acquisition, they find that their society tolerates cultural diversity, then they are likely to deliberately choose integration (Berry, 1997). It should be noted that integration may be considered as one of four dimensions of migrant acculturation. Foreigners have the choice to assimilate, where they ab andon all their former cultures and adopt the ones in their host country. Conversely, they may choose to separate, where they hold onto their original cultures and ignore that of the dominant community. They may integrate by maintaining cultural ties in their native communities and adopting cultures from the receiving community. Alternatively, individuals in this group may lose ties with their former culture and also fail to adopt the culture of the dominant group; as such, they will become marginalised. Therefore, the degree of integration of immigrants in this sense can only occur if a society has values that encourage multiculturalism. The attitudes prevalent in the receiving country must be positive towards these groups. A person may have formal rights as a citizen but when they meet social characteristics that do not enable realisation of these rights then they will not integrate into society. Berry (1997) notes that sometimes these attitudes may stem from the physical features of the group or other characteristics. As such, even though Koreans may have acquired formal

Open source software Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Open source software - Essay Example In today's business world which uses IT for its optimal and non-stop functioning, a database is something which any organization will not run without. Speedy business needs has made database an absolute requirement. As their number increases, so is the competition between them. These all vendors always think about new and innovative ideas to win the market competition. One of these way has been to offer customer an open source software so that if the customers preferences changes they can make necessary amendments This has given rise to a numerous software solution providers or database developers. Does this, supplying open source software,give an indication about future of all database Vendors Do all database vendors will eventually have to open up their source code or go out of business This essay disagrees to this thought and will examine few reasons for it.Those who still believe in supplying closed source software will always own a bigger share of the market as they have been do ing it in the past.In the recent past some companies have searched for a more economic database than to shell out a hefty amount to Database biggies every time they thought of expanding their business limits.There stepped in the open source database software because modifying it to the extended needs just take little.As the volume of business is rising and so does the requirement of software capabilities.Many companies today resort to open source database but merely acquiring an open source doesn't guarantee that whatever changes you make to the database it will always work with finesse. There may be instances of irrecoverable data loss or reduced security. There will be no one to take guarantee to that effect. That's why, industries where there is a requirement of updating the software importantly with the transfer of their past crucial data, they will always look for bigger companies doing this against insured terms. These insured terms are not possible even if you have a complete software development wing in your office. Developing software is a group effort, but modifying the software with keeping existing data intact is a serious group effort. Now days there are so many companies selling open source databases but they are less preferred upwards in size of business. So the open source will of course keep in market and remain in competition with the packed database software but will never be able to beat them. There is also a psychological reason behind this that as someone reaches towards the peak his chances of falling are increasing. The top of the peak is all surrounded by falls so after reaching near to peak no one would like take a cheap and risky step but will always go for a costly but assured step. For example a bank would never use open source software modified by its own organization. There is a related online special article in which Lacy S (2006) has told about Herman's search for database management keeping budgetin mind. "His search took him in an unexpected direction. He's spended a lot of time evaluating databases built around the open-source software that's disseminated and developed freely over the Internet. Sony, like most big companies, has been conservative when it comes to open source. So now Herman and executives like him are the spoils in what's shaping up to be a heated round of database wars. On one side are the defending champions -- Oracle, IBM, and Microsoft -- against a ragtag bunch of coders and some more organized corporate ventures, all going to market in different ways, but all trying to take down the Big Three using the power of open source." This open source trend is rising not only in database softwares but in other fields too. In this regard Valimaki (2005) states in his book - The rise

Oil & Gas Operations Industry Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Oil & Gas Operations Industry - Research Paper Example Despite these challenges, analyst have continued to forecast positive trends in this industry, particularly because the demand of gas and oil is on the rise, coupled with more advanced technology, which has improved production processes and fundamentally reduced production cost. My choice of portfolio in this industry is majorly motivated by the need to strike a balanced diversification, with the aim of spreading risks across different companies with different risk profiles, as well as maximizing the returns. In particular, I have diversified the portfolio across different companies that have invested from different geographical background, including the United States, United Kingdom, China, and Russia. Although the 10 companies that my portfolio cuts across, deals with similar products, there are slight differences on the combination of products that they deal with, which boost my diversification profile. This report will also provide a brief summary of each company, and some key re asons why I intend to invest in them. Most of the reasons are motivated by the need to diversify and mitigate the risks from different companies. The report has identified various challenges that this industry is undergoing, which has led to a conclusion that it has a high risk profile, but one worth investing in because of its optimistic long-term prospects. A comprehensive analysis of movement of prices of the shares for four weeks that ended mid May has been undertaken. Evidently, there has been a decline of share prices for all companies, which has led to loss of value of my portfolio, but this has not significantly affected my goals of making capital gain in the long-term, because these are short-term fluctuations, which are not likely to last for long. Essentially, I have undertaken the valuation of my portfolio in terms of US Dollar, and hence had to convert the value of shares that are traded in other currencies such as Chinese Yuan. This has significantly affected the accur acy of valuation of the portfolio as the exchanges rates are mere estimates. Different trends are made clear by use of tables and graphs. At the end, I have carried out a percentage analysis and found that the shares have fundamentally lost value. I have also used the Dow Jones Industrial Average as a benchmark to assess the performance of my portfolio. Investment Analysis A brief overview of Oil & Gas Operations Industry The oil and gas industry is operating under a challenging and a dynamic global marketplace and a progressively more adamant group of participants. The regulatory demand is increasingly putting pressure on the operations, and the demand growth is becoming sluggish, while the existing reserves are more expensive and difficult to generate. As the demand to meet future demand builds up, worldwide alliances are becoming more significant. Over the recent years, oil price fluctuation has become the order of the day. In spite of this, the companies in this industry have a challenging task of ensuring they focus on the medium to long-term conditions if they are to make credible decisions and achieve their growth targets. Investing in people, technology and R&D are critical to ensuring a lasting competitive edge (Dybvig & Stephen, 1985). The industry has to contend with mounting uncertainty that is particularly typical of the current decade. With tighter regulations and new policies to adhere to, long term planning and strategy are very critical, given the uncertain environment. In a bid to balance the mounting demand with sustainable and sufficient energy, oil and gas companies are adopting new technologies to supply

Arthur Miller Essay Example for Free

Arthur Miller Essay The Crucible Many different parts form together to make up the society we see in The Crucible, written by Arthur Miller. Whether it be religion, government, or social roles; they all play some sort of impacting part to the characters we met while watching The Crucible. Who knew that religion and government could change a person’s life in a matter of minutes like it did so many times throughout the movie. The characters like Abigail Williams and John Proctor both knew the risks of going against these roles and what it would do to their everyday lives, but both characters chose to do it in more ways than one. Religion played a huge role throughout The Crucible and all of the characters were expected to show some sort of respect towards their religion. John Proctor is one of the characters who face this double standard. He feels as if he showed enough support towards the church before Reverend Parris took over that there is no way that him and his family could ever be questioned for associating themselves with the devil. However, after Abigail Williams tells the church that she saw Goody Proctor with the devil they had to question her. What originally was a trip to warn the Proctor family and ask a few questions turned into a rather defensive and disappointing ending. Reverend Hale had asked John Proctor three interesting questions: why his youngest child had not been baptized, why he and his family had not been to church in such a long time, and to state his ten commandments. John Proctor had a response to the first two that seemed reasonable to him, but not to the rest of the church. To the first question he responded with: â€Å"I like it not that Mr. Paris should lay his hand upon my baby. I see no light of God in that man. I’ll no conceal it.† and to the second he responded with â€Å"I nailed the roof upon the church, I hung the door†. Both responses sounded like reasonable excuses to John Proctor because he felt as if Reverend Parris was more worried about the money and the less important things than God himself, but Reverend Parris was ordained and no matter how you felt he was the reverend. If someone chose to go against him it was equal to going against God and in those days going against God meant you were somehow associated with the devil. The last question that Reverend Hale asked John Proctor was to state the Ten Commandments. After looking like he had just been insulted he began to recite the first nine but struggled on the tenth, adultery. Whether it was because he couldn’t remember the tenth commandment under pressure or he was anxious to say it because of the incident between Abigail Williams and himself. Finally, his wife stated the tenth commandment and Reveren d Hale looked a little shocked that he couldn’t have finished all ten himself. Knowing all ten of these commandments was a way to show your faith in God and John Proctor only stated nine of the ten which signaled a red flag that their household had been touched by the devil in one way or another. Political values played hand in hand with religion. All court hearings and anything else referring to some sort of government were always held through the reverend. In the movie The Crucible you see many scenes of hearings and trials all with the reverend standing in front of them. The reverend was in charge of making the final decision on what was in store for the accused’s life. If the reverend felt as if a person was associated with witchcraft or the devil and that person would not confess they would be hung, however, if that person did confess then they would be put in jail for a while or let go in return to be saved by God. In the movie, The Crucible, Abigail Williams confessed by saying â€Å"I want the light of God, I want the sweet love of Jesus! I danced for the Devil; I saw him†. Abigail knew if she was to confess to Reverend Hale she would simply get a less harsh punishment compared to if she was to be accused of being associated with the devil and denied eve r coming in contact with the devil. If the Reverend believed you had partaken with the devil and had denied it then you would be hung. As a viewer you can tell that religion and politics are very similar in that time period and that they go hand in hand because of how similar they really are. Social roles also played a huge factor into the lives of many within the society from The Crucible. People had roles that they knew they could not disobey because these roles played such an influence within their lives. Abigail Williams, for example, was helping the Proctor family out around the house when Goody Proctor had suspicions of adultery between Abigail and her husband. Once these suspicions became a reality Abigail was let go from helping their family. A viewer can tell that once a person disobeyed their social role they were considered as an â€Å"outcast†. Another way I noticed social roles playing a part within The Crucible’s society was when John Proctor was about to sign his name off to be free with his wife but ended up ripping the paper into shreds because he could not bring himself to ruin his name. John said â€Å"because it is my name! Because I cannot have another in my life† shows how important having a good reputation towards a person’s name really is. In those days, a peb rson’s name was all that had. If that person tarnished their name that was it, there was nothing left to be worthy for. Both John Proctor and Abigail Williams knew this and that is why John ripped that paper to shreds and why when Abigail was asked why she no longer worked for the Proctor’s she did not state the real reason. These social roles impacted the everyday lives of the characters from The Crucible, anything from making one’s day better to ruinin g a person’s life could have happened because of these roles. I noticed a lot of different ways that The Crucible could have been connected to our readings from our textbook, Concise Anthology of American Literature. Whether it is from having similar attributes of characters to representing the same faith within their religion there were multiple similarities I could identify. The first comparison that jumped right out at me was between The Crucible and Anne Bradstreet’s story. As I was reading her story I noticed almost immediately the role that women were to play in her time period. Women were there solely to cook, clean, and raise the children. I noticed almost the same thing with watching The Crucible but with some variation. The women’s role from both the story and the movie was solely in the home to cook and clean, however, with The Crucible I noticed the women were aloud a bit more freedom compared to what I understood from the story of Anne Bradstreet’s. The second comparison I made was between The Crucible and one of the letters from the Correspondence. The letter I noticed the comparison was written by Benjamin Banneker to Thomas Jefferson asking to bring an end to slavery. There were scenes of slavery within The Crucible that led me to draw out this comparison. In The Crucible there is a character named Tituba who is considered to be a slave, however, she had more freedom compared to the slaves from the time period of when the letter was written. If someone from that time period was caught running around in the woods at night without permission from whoever was in charge they would have been in serious trouble, a lot more trouble than Tituba was showed to have been in. The last comparison I made was between The Crucible and the journal entries of Byrd II. In his journal entries he speaks very highly of religion within every single one of them. Both the movie and the journal entries have very similar ways to show their faith to God because religion played such a huge role for everyone within those time periods. Within the journal entries he shows his faith to God by saying his prayers, reading his Hebrew, and thanking God for his blessing everyday while in The Crucible a person would show their faith to God by going to church every Sunday. Y ou can see that religion plays a huge role in both Byrd II and the characters from The Crucible but they each show it in different ways. Throughout The Crucible and all of the readings from our textbook I have noticed many different types of societies that these people live in. Religion made up pretty much the entire story line of how the characters from The Crucible lived their lives and you can see where some of the stories we read also represented how important religion was to them. Also playing a role within everyone’s lives that we have either watched or read about were politics and social roles. It’s crazy that such little factor’s from our world today pretty much made up the society’s that form those time periods that we read and watch about.

Organic vs. Conventional Foods Essay Example for Free

Organic vs. Conventional Foods Essay For years, there has been a debate on how food is grown. Should it be organic or conventionally grown? To answer this question, the difference between the two needs to be known. Organic produce is grown without chemical fertilizers and pesticides. Organic livestock is free ranged, most of the time, with no added antibiotics or growth hormones. Conventionally grown produce is usually processed after being harvested. They are also sprayed with chemical pesticides and enriched with polluting fertilizers. Research Stanford University has held over 250 investigations that compared the nutritional value of organic and traditional crops. These studies show that organic foods tend to contain slightly more phosphorous, a higher level of omega ­3 fatty acids, and a 30% lower rate of chemical residue. However, traditional chicken and pork is one ­third more likely to contain antibiotic bacteria than organic meats. Bacterias that cause food poisoning are equally present in both traditional and organic. They have little difference in nutritional value. Organic When people see â€Å"organic,† they immediately think â€Å"pesticide ­free.† Organic products can still be labeled as organic, even if they contain commercial pesticides. The U.S. Department of Agriculture stated that almost 20% of organic lettuce showed up as positive for containing a  pesticide   called spinosad. Spinosad comes from a naturally occurring bacterium in soil. Although it is considered slightly toxic to the EPA (Environmental Protection Agency), it can be used while farming and still be labeled as organic. Spinosad, under the name Entrust, is especially harmful to the nervous system of insects, and small marine life, like mollusks. Spinosad, as well as compounds made of natural elements like sulfur and copper, have made it onto a list of pesticides open for use on organic crops, which you can find on the USDA website. Organic farming became popular in the 1970s when the first pesticides and fertilizers were introduced. The effects of the chemicals they contained were soon noticed. The chemicals paralyzed the nervous system of many people. People became concerned with what they were consuming. Organic produce may have a longer storage time and lower input costs, but there is more bad that comes out of it than there is good. Organic crops have a longer growing time. Organic farming also requires more skill than needed for traditional farming and has higher risks of soil erosion. Despite the disadvantages, organic farming is more popular than ever. Organic products tend to have a more natural taste, and is believed to decrease the risk of the avian flu. Conventional Since organic farming is becoming so popular, traditional farming is beginning to be frowned upon. It is believed to be highly dangerous and an environmental risk. However, that is not the case. Conventional farmers are starting to focus on soil fertility techniques, such as crop rotation and composting. Although some farmers still use chemical based fertilizers, herbicides, and  pesticides, others have switched to fertilizers, herbicides, and   pesticides with little to no chemicals. Conventional farms can produce more crops per acre, replenish soil, decrease risk and topsoil erosion. Conventional farming is also cheaper and require less skill. The amount problems with conventional farming have risen over the years. These problems are becoming more serious. Droughts are a big problem when it comes to traditional farming. Crops rely on rainfall to live and grow properly. If a drought occurs, it is very likely for starvation in a community to happen. Also, crops must be sprayed with the right amount of pesticide or herbicide. If not given the right amount, crops, runoff, and local water sources can be contaminated. Suicide within the conventional farming community is also a very common thing. Since 2009, over 200,000 Indian farmers have committed suicide due to debts they could not pay off. The decreased sea levels and organic competition is the cause of their lowering profit. Price Differences The prices of organic products tend to be around three to four dollars more than regular produce and meat. Say you were at the grocery store. Your grocery list contained bread, a dozen eggs, and a half gallon of milk. If you were to buy these things as conventional products, it would cost around $7. However, organic versions of these products would cost about $11.50. Organic products, such as milk, eggs, or chicken, can cost up to five dollars more than conventional products. Which Should I Buy? Every year, the Environmental Working Group (EWG) releases two official lists of the crops with the most and least amounts of chemical residues. These lists are called the â€Å"Clean 15† and the â€Å"Dirty Dozen.† As of 2015, the crops that made the Clean 15

Internal Combustion And Diesel Engines Engineering Essay

Internal Combustion And Diesel Engines Engineering Essay Since the time when the internal combustion engines were devised, it continued to develop as our cognition of engine processes has increased, as new engineerings became available, as demand for new types of engine arose, and as environmental constraints on engine apply changed. Internal combustion engine, and the industries that develop and manufacture them and support their use, now play a dominant role in the fields of power, propulsion, and energy. The last century has seen an explosive growth in engine research and development as the issues of air pollution, fuel cost. Market competitiveness has become increasingly important. John B. Heywood, Internal combustion engine fundamentals. 1988. The internal combustion engine is classed as spark-ignition engines, sometimes called Otto engines, or gasoline engines or petrol engines, though other fuels can be used, and compression ignition or diesel engines, because their manufacturing is not complex, these two types of engine have found wide application in transportation (land, sea, and air) and power generation. As one of the main components in an engine, pistons technological evolution is expected to continue and they are expected to be stronger, lighter, thinner and durable. The main reason of this continuous attempt of evolution is based on the fact that the piston may be regarded the heart of an engine. Internal combustion engines, dating back to 1876 , when developed the first Otto engine spark plugs, and 1892 when he invented the diesel engine, compression ignition. Internal combustion engine is the engine that fuel combustion occurs with an oxidizer (usually air) in the combustion chamber. In the expansion of the internal combustion engine at high temperature and pressure of the gases, this is being produced by combustion, and applies directly to a force transmitted from the engine, such as turbine blades or pistons and transmission distance, and the generation of useful mechanical energy. The longer the internal combustion engine usually refers to the combustion engine, which is intermittent, such as the more familiar four-stroke and two-stroke piston engines, along with variables, such as the Wankel rotary engine. A second category of internal combustion engines, the use of sustained combustion: gas turbines and jet engines, and most of the rocket engines, each one of which is internal combustion engines on the same principle as described earlier. Internal combustion engine (or ice) differs completely from the external combustion engines, such as steam or Stirling engines, which are delivered energy means of action does not consist of, or mixed with contaminated products of combustion. Factor may be liquids, air, hot water, water pressure or even sodium liquid, and hot some type of boilers from fossil fuels and nuclear energy for burning wood, and solar energy and to a large number of different designs for the International Exploration of the Sea have been developed and built, with a variety of different strengths and weaknesses. Powered by energy-intensive fuel (which is often the very means of gasoline derived from fossil fuels) ICE delivers power to weight ratio is excellent with few safety or other defects. While there were still many stationary applications, the true power of internal combustion engines in mobile applications, which controls the supp ly of energy for cars, planes and boats, from the smallest to the largest. Only to hand power tools it is not part of the market share with a battery-powered device. Engines can be classified in many different ways: By the engine cycle used, the layout of the engine, source of energy, the use of the engine, or by the cooling system employed. While there are many cut and dried reasons for aluminum piston failure can be attributed to the majority of a group of different circumstances. Air / fuel, coolant, and regulated the relationship between oil and the engine of the different temperature cylinder liner is critical to maintain the proper operation of all components of the cylinder. Can be for a variety of conditions cause excessive growth of the piston or melt, and lead all degrees, including the disastrous results in the engine malfunction . To redress the balance between the air fuel ratio of the engine is the most important for longevity piston, durability and proper process engine. The combination of a lot of fuel or air very few have the same result the growth of thermal erosion of the piston crown. This can be attributed to the blockage of the air intakes, restricted exhaust, turbo malfunction, fuel pump is incorrect and the contamination of the injector calibration, and of course, injection or the timing of the e ngine Diesel engine has a long history that is intertwined closely with economic and other issues at the time. Diesel engine was created by Rudolf Diesel. He developed the idea of diesel engines and thought up the principle of its work. He believed even the notion of the engine that compresses air to the point where there is a rise in temperature produced. The concept of a principle where the air when entering the room with the piston, burning in the air as a result of rising temperatures. This causes the piston to move down and eliminates the need for a source of ignition. When Diesel designed his engine, while there was a demand for more fuel efficient engine, as the steam engine was nowhere close to efficient Diesel engine does not need to water supplies or large for a long time warming up and high efficiency in converting thermal energy to work. Used widely in both fixed and mobile diesel where the facilities of the power required is between that provided by a gasoline engine and that of steam turbines, and where can be written relatively high cost of the initial off over a long period. For example, a diesel capacity from 100 to 5,000 horsepower and running on generators and industrial, municipal and the pumps that operate constantly (for example, on oil pipelines). Furthermore, they occupy a relatively small area compared with steam units, because there is a need for a boiler, a factor of importance on board ship. Diesel engine differs from a gasoline engine, the fuel is the cause of the blaze by air pressure in the cylinders instead of a spark: a high compression ratio allows the air in the cylinder to become hot enough to ignite the fuel. Due to the high temperatures of the process, it must be water-cooled diesel engine. Build a diesel engine is heavier than that of the gasoline engine, and there are usually three or more cylinders (supported in the framework of the board) and heavy flywheel. The cylinders work alternately to give the effect a smooth transition, and also contribute to the flywheel to ensure a smooth work. There are two types of diesel engines. In the two-stroke -or two-cycle- type there is as a full course of the process in each of two stroke piston. This type of engine requires the provision of compressed air to run and start. In four- stroke, or four cycle- type the first downstroke of the piston draws in air that is compressed to rub up to around ÂÂ £ 500 square meters for each guest (35 kg per square cm). In the upper part of the stroke plane of the oil is sprayed in the way of fuel injector. And ignited the oil and the rapid expansion of gas created by the explosion forces the piston down in the work, or fire, and stroke. And after rubbing the top of the waste gas through the exhaust valve, and a complete cycle. The speed and power of the diesel are controlled by varying the amount of fuel injected into the cylinder, not the amount of air admitted as in the gasoline engine. Small and medium-size ships may have several diesels producing as much as 50,000 hp. Heavy-duty land transports such as trains, trucks, buses, and tractors are often diesel-powered. Some automobiles and even some airplanes have had diesel engines. Diesel engines, although more fuel efficient than gasoline engines, and generate more smog combustion products produced for (though it produces greenhouse gases, global warming less). This has restricted the sale of diesel-powered vehicles in states such as California, where smog has been a significant problem. The effects of the introduction of diesel fuel is very low sulfur in 2006, which was conducted in part to encourage the development of emission control technology and improved diesel engines, and the development of cleaner diesel engines for cars burning. And new rules for diesel engines in 2009 are required to comply with the standards set for emissions of gasoline engines

The Cay :: essays research papers

The plot tells of a young boy named Phillip and an old black man named Timothy. Phillip and his mom are on a boat to the United States. Their family has always looked down on black people. Then during the night there was a rumble a Phillip fell of his bunk. A German sub-marine hit their boat. They got up put on their close and life jackets and got in the lifeboat. Then while the life boat was being launched it tipped and everyone fell in the water. Phillip was swimming frantically for his mother but before he knew it he was knocked unconscious by something big. When he woke up he was in a life boat with a old, ugly, black-skinned man. The man said that he got knocked on the head really bad and he was happy to see that he was awake. The sun was really hot so the black man told him to give him his close so he did. Then the man tore some wood from the boat and made a shelter with the close. Phillip said wear are w wears my mom but the man said she’s not here but she’s probably in a different life boat. Phillip was really thirsty so the man opened a hatch in the boat and took some water out of a keg. He only gave Phillip a half a cup so Phillip asked for more. The man said they must spare as much water as possible. It was almost dark when the man said maybe some flying fish will jump in our boat for us to eat. Phillip didn’t like the idea of eating raw fish but he was hungry. The next day Phillip woke up and his eyes were blurry he hey there’s something wrong with my eyes. So the man took a wet towel and put it on his head it started to get better. Then Phillip fell back asleep and when he woke up it was dark. Phillip screamed what time is it the man said ten then Phillip its nighttime right the man laughed no its morning. Phillip screamed I’m blind the man was shocked he said here look at the sun, and he pointed Phillip to the sun Phillip said its still dark. During that night he asked what his name is the man said my name is Timothy. Phillip said do you have a last name the man said no Phillip was shocked at this then Timothy said lets get some sleep we have a long day tomorrow. The Cay :: essays research papers The plot tells of a young boy named Phillip and an old black man named Timothy. Phillip and his mom are on a boat to the United States. Their family has always looked down on black people. Then during the night there was a rumble a Phillip fell of his bunk. A German sub-marine hit their boat. They got up put on their close and life jackets and got in the lifeboat. Then while the life boat was being launched it tipped and everyone fell in the water. Phillip was swimming frantically for his mother but before he knew it he was knocked unconscious by something big. When he woke up he was in a life boat with a old, ugly, black-skinned man. The man said that he got knocked on the head really bad and he was happy to see that he was awake. The sun was really hot so the black man told him to give him his close so he did. Then the man tore some wood from the boat and made a shelter with the close. Phillip said wear are w wears my mom but the man said she’s not here but she’s probably in a different life boat. Phillip was really thirsty so the man opened a hatch in the boat and took some water out of a keg. He only gave Phillip a half a cup so Phillip asked for more. The man said they must spare as much water as possible. It was almost dark when the man said maybe some flying fish will jump in our boat for us to eat. Phillip didn’t like the idea of eating raw fish but he was hungry. The next day Phillip woke up and his eyes were blurry he hey there’s something wrong with my eyes. So the man took a wet towel and put it on his head it started to get better. Then Phillip fell back asleep and when he woke up it was dark. Phillip screamed what time is it the man said ten then Phillip its nighttime right the man laughed no its morning. Phillip screamed I’m blind the man was shocked he said here look at the sun, and he pointed Phillip to the sun Phillip said its still dark. During that night he asked what his name is the man said my name is Timothy. Phillip said do you have a last name the man said no Phillip was shocked at this then Timothy said lets get some sleep we have a long day tomorrow.